+++ /dev/null
-This is a first pass at a unit test and timing suite
-for the Wikipedia software. It is all in Java, using
-"httpunit" (http://httpunit.sourceforge.net/). The
-jars in the jars directory need to be in your classpath
-for compiling and running (it may require others as
-well depending on your JVM, but if you're a Java coder
-you know about all that). Apache's "ant" tool is used
-for building (http://ant.apache.org/).
-
-I'm personally using generic Sun JDK 1.4 for Linux,
-though other 1.4-level VMs should work (or earlier
-ones with the addition of things like java.util.regex).
-
---Lee Daniel Crocker <lee@piclab.com>
-March 4, 2003
-
+++ /dev/null
-<project name="TestSuite" default="compile" basedir=".">
- <description>Test suite for Wikipedia phase III software</description>
-
- <property name="src" location="src"/>
- <property name="build" location="build"/>
- <property name="dist" location="dist"/>
-
- <target name="init">
- <tstamp/>
- <mkdir dir="${build}"/>
- </target>
-
- <target name="compile" depends="init" description="compile the source">
- <javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}"/>
- </target>
-
- <target name="dist" depends="compile" description="generate the jar file" >
- <mkdir dir="${dist}/lib"/>
- <jar jarfile="${dist}/lib/TestSuite-${DSTAMP}.jar" basedir="${build}"/>
- </target>
-
- <target name="clean" description="clean up">
- <delete dir="${build}"/>
- <delete dir="${dist}"/>
- </target>
-
-</project>
+++ /dev/null
-'''Agriculture''' is the process of producing [[food]] by cultivation of certain [[plant]]s and the raising of domesticated [[animal]]s. Agriculture is also known as '''farming'''. It includes both subsistence agriculture, which is producing enough food to meet the needs of the [[farmer]] and family, but no more) and also (almost universally in the "developed" nations and increasingly so in other areas) the production of financial income from cultivation of the land or commercial raising of animals ([[animal husbandry]]). Agriculture is the ''practice'' -- the ''study'' of these disciplines is called [[Agricultural Science|agricultural science]].
-
-Increasingly, besides food for humans and animal feeds, agriculture produces goods such as cut flowers, ornamental and nursery plants, [[fertilizer]]s, [[animal hides]], [[leather]], industrial chemicals ([[starch]], [[ethanol]], and [[plastic]]s), [[fiber]]s ([[cotton]], [[wool]], [[cannabis|hemp]], and [[flax]]), and fuels (ethanol, methane). Electricity can be generated from [[methane]] gas of animal waste.
-
-In the Western world, greater use of advanced techniques, complex, expensive machinery, and both conventional breeding and genetic engineering has greatly increased yields, releasing most of the populace from intense agricultural labor. The developing world is behind by Western measures of productivity, because of geographic distance, climates and soils commonly viewed as unsuitable (but see [[arid-zone agriculture]]), and lack of [[capital]].
-
-Animal husbandry means raising animals for [[slaughter]] or to harvest animal products on a continual basis. Common farm animals or animal products include [[cattle]], [[dairy product]]s, [[chicken]], [[egg]]s, [[turkey]]s, [[emu]]s, [[horse]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, [[pig]]s, [[honey]], and [[silkworm]]s ([[sericulture]]). Fish, shrimp, and algae can also be farmed ([[aquaculture]]).
-
-In recent years, industrial agriculture has been the subject of increasing discussion. Patenting of seeds, the leaching of [[nitrogen]] and pesticides into the ground water and runoff, pesticide use, soil [[erosion]], habitat destruction, genetic manipulation of crops and animals, and concerns about animal welfare have raised public awareness of alternative farming methods such as [[organic farming]].
-
-=== History ===
-Farming is known to have taken place for at least 10,000 years. Its introduction is often used to distinguish the [[neolithic]] period from earlier parts of the [[stone age]]. The first crops that humans domesticated included [[wheat]] and [[barley]]. The history of farming is obscure because it pre-dates writing, but it is clear that farming was invented at least twice, probably more often: once in the [[Fertile Crescent]], once in [[Mesoamerica|Central America]], and probably once in east Asia. Most likely, there was a gradual transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural one, via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted, and other foods were gathered from the wild. The reasons for the earliest introduction of farming may have included [[climate]] change. Farming allows a much greater density of population than can be supported by hunting and gathering.
-
-=== Methods ===
-==== [[Tillage]] by [[Plough]] ====
-==== [[Irrigation]] ====
-==== Fertilizers ====
-==== [[Crop rotation]] ====
-==== Weed removal ====
-==== Breeding ====
-==== [[Fence|Fencing]]
-=== Domesticated plants ===
-Domestication of plants is made in order to increase yield and improve the taste and nutritional value. In recent times, [[genetic engineering]] has begun to be employed to enhance certain aspects of the natural plants.
-* <b>[[Wheat]]</b> (aka ''corn''). Has a very long history of domestication, and is thought to be one of the first plants used for farming...
-* <b>[[Rice]]</b>. The chief crop in eastern [[Asia]], and an important foodstuff around the world.
-* <b>[[Maize]]</b> (aka ''corn''). Old domesticated plant, found in countless variations throughout the [[Americas]].
-* <b>[[Potato]]</b>
-* '''[[Yam]]'''
-* '''[[Barley]]'''
-* '''[[Oats]]'''
-* <b>[[Soybean]]</b>
-* <b>[[Lentil]]s</b>
-* <b>[[Apple]]</b>.
-
-<I>Perhaps this section and [[Vegetable farming]] ought to be merged?</i>
-
-=== Domesticated animals ===
-
-=== Environmental effects ===
-[[Nitrogen]] surplus in [[river]]s and [[lake]]s...
-
-Detrimental effects of [[herbicide]]s, [[fungicide]]s, [[pesticide]]s and [[biocide]]s...
-
-Conversion of [[wetland]]s into arable land...
-
-[[Erosion]]
-
-See also [[agricultural science]], [[Agricultural sciences basic topics]], [[aquaculture]], and [[mariculture]], [[Timeline of agriculture and food technology]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Antropologio]][[nl:Antropologie]][[pl:Antropologia]][[fr:Anthropologie]]
-
-'''Anthropology''' is the study of humankind (see genus [[Hominoid|Homo]]). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans, and with all dimensions of humanity. Central to modern anthropology is the notion that human nature is "culture"; in other words, that our species has evolved a universal capacity to conceive of the world symbolically, to teach and learn such symbols socially, and to transform the world (and ourselves) based on such symbols. It is traditionally divided into four fields: [[physical anthropology]], which studies primate behavior, human evolution, and population genetics; [[linguistics]], which studies variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture; [[archaeology]], which studies the material remains of human societies; and [[cultural anthropology]], also called socio-cultural anthropology, which studies social behavior and beliefs (among phenomena studied by cultural anthropologists are kinship patterns, social networks, family interactions, language development and exchange, cultural migration, and yes, [[cannibalism]] (which we mention only because we have an article on the subject; please help complete this list)...)
-
-== Anthropology in the Broader Context ==
-
-One anthropologist characterized anthropology as the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the social sciences. In order to see how anthropology does and does not fit into other academic disciplines, one must see how these disciplines developed.
-
-Anthropology is one Western response to one of the greatest paradoxes of modernity: as the world is becoming smaller and more integrated, people's experience of the world is increasingly atomized and dispersed. As one social theorist has observed,
-
-:All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal interdependence of nations.
-
-Ironically, this universal interdependence, rather than leading to greater human solidarity, has coincided with increasing racial, ethnic, religious, and class divisions, and new — and to some confusing or disturbing — forms of sexuality and notions of gender. These are the conditions of life with which people today must contend, but they have their origins in processes that began in the 16th century and accelerated in the 19th century.
-
-In the 19th century numerous scholars grappled with these issues. The "[[humanities]]" reflected an attempt to consolidate and celebrate different national traditions, in the form of history and the arts, as an attempt to provide people in emerging nation-states with a sense of coherence. The "[[social sciences]]" emerged at this time as an attempt to develop scientific methods to address social phenomena, in an attempt to provide a universal basis for social knowledge.
-
-Some scholars gave a name to the dimension of human action in which these problems are most evident, and the concept through which they could be solved: society. The new discipline of [[sociology]] would study the ties that bind people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions. Through such studies sociologists could develop "the antidote to social disintegration."
-
-Nevertheless, this new discipline, in the very process of distinguishing "society" from "the individual", "the state" and "the market", and by placing itself among complementary social sciences such as [[psychology]], [[political science]], and [[economics]] represented in intellectual form the very social divisions it sought to understand and heal. Moreover, the most obvious sites for the study of modernity, and the most convenient sites for the application of new scientific, quantitative research methods, was in the sociologists' own societies, at the core of the emerging world system. Consequently, they neglected the study of those societies on or beyond modernity's frontiers.
-
-At the same time that social scientists were defining this new object and method of study, however, a diverse group of scholars — with training in jurisprudence, psychology, geography, physics, mathematics, and other disciplines, and drawing on the methods of the natural sciences as well as developing new techniques involving not only structured interviews but unstructured "participant-observation" — dedicated themselves precisely to the study of those people on Europe's colonial frontiers. Drawing on the new theory of evolution through natural selection, they proposed the scientific study of a new object: "humankind", conceived of as a whole. Crucial to this study is the concept "culture", which anthropologists defined both as a universal capacity and propensity for social learning, thinking, and acting (which they see as a product of human evolution and something that distinguishes Homo sapiens — and perhaps all species of genus [[Hominoid|Homo]] — from other species), and as a particular adaptation to local conditions that takes the form of highly variable beliefs and practices. Thus, "culture" not only transcends the opposition between nature and nurture; it transcends and absorbs the peculiarly European distinction between politics, religion, kinship, and the economy as autonomous domains. They consequently organized a new discipline, anthropology, that would transcend the divisions between the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities to explore the biological, linguistic, material, and symbolic dimensions of humankind in all forms.
-
-== Anthropological concepts ==
-
-*[[Colonialism]]
-*[[Cultural exchange]]
-*[[Culture]]
-*[[Ethnicity]]
-*[[Gender]]
-*[[Kinship and descent]]
-*[[Marriage]]
-*[[Political system]]s
-*[[Race]]
-*[[Religion]]
-*[[Subsistence]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Archäologie]][[fr:Archéologie]][[nl:Archeologie]][[pl:Archeologia]]
-'''Archaeology''' (or ''Archeology'') is the study of human activity, primarily through the study of its material remains. Since most human activity is in the past, and most past human activity occurred before any written record, archaeology is the most important method for the study of human pre-history. Moreover, since the historical (i.e. written) record is incomplete, archaeology provides a vital contribution to the study of human [[history]]. Finally, '''ethnoarcheologists''' contribute to the study of contemporary societies.
-
-The material remains of human activity often have aesthetic, political, and monetary value. Consequently, many people identify archaeology with the collection of political or economic treasures. This is promulgated, for example, in popular movies dealing with the exploits of fictional archaeologists e.g. [[Indiana Jones]] or the archaeologists in the recent film [[The Mummy]].
-
-Much of the history of archaeology, however, has been motivated by an attempt to distance itself from pseudo-archeologists and dilettantes, and to establish itself as a science. In the United States, archaeology is one of four fields of [[anthropology]], the scientific study of humanity as a whole. A primary goal of these archaeologists is to reconstruct [[culture|cultural]] systems, by studying their material remains in their material context (or "matrix"). Much archaeological theory has been motivated by the attempt to derive models of [[culture | cultural]] systems, processes, and changes based on material remains. Some schools of archaeology (e.g. processualism) tend to describe the underlying systems, trying to find common ground between cultures; other schools (post-processualism) either believe this impossible or fraught with difficulty, and so examine archaeology in a certain cultural context.
-
-Archaeology has been and remains a cultural, gender and political battlefield. Many groups have tried to use archaeology to prove some current cultural or political point. [[Marxism|Marxist]] archaeologists in the USSR often tried to prove the truth of [[historical dialecticalism]]. Some cultural groups have tried, with varying degrees of success, to use archaeology to prove their ancient ownership of an area of land. Many schools of archaeology have been patriarchal, assuming that in prehistory men produced most of the food by hunting, and women produced little nutrition by gathering; more recent studies have exposed the inadequacy of many of these theories. Some used The Great Ages theory to argue continuous upwards progress by Western civilization.
-
-Given these caveats, there is still a tremendous emphasis in the practice of archaeology on field techniques and methodologies. These include the tasks of surveying areas in order to find new sites, and digging sites in order to unearth the cultural remains therein, and classification and preservation techiques in order to analyse and keep these remains. Information can be derived throughout this process.
-
-Archaeology subdisciplines:
-*[[Archaeometry]] - application of scientific methods to archaeology
-*[[Computational archaeology]] - application of computers, particularly GIS, to archaeology
-*[[Industrial archaeology]]
-*[[Lithics]] - analysis of stone tools
-*[[Museum studies]]
-*[[Maritime archaeology]]
-*[[Archaeoastronomy]]
-*[[Zooarchaeology]] - the analysis of animal remains
-
-Schools of Theoretical Archaeology:
-
-*[[Great ages archaeology]]
-*[[Functionalism]]
-*[[Processualism]] - a theory of systems as opposed to cultures
-*[[Post processualism]]
-*[[Cognitive archaeology]]
-*[[Gender/Feminist archaeology]]
-
-Regions within Archaeology:
-
-*[[Prehistoric archaeology]]
-*[[North American archaeology]]
-*[[Australian archaeology]]
-*[[Middle-Eastern archaeology]]
-*[[European archaeology]]
-*[[Classical archaeology]]
-*[[Medieval archaeology]]
-*[[Modern archaeology]]
-*[[Mesoamerican archaeology]]
-
-A brief history of archaeology and archaeological discoveries:
-
-Famous archaeological discoveries (listed):
-
-*[[Boxgrove man]]
-*[[Dead Sea scrolls]]
-*[[Gold mask of Tutakhamen]]
-*[[Linear B]]
-*[[Rosetta Stone]]
-*[[Similaun]]
-*[[Taung child]]
-*[[Terracotta Army]]
-*[[Tollund man]]
-
-Famous archaeological site (listed):
-
-*[[Abydos]]
-*[[Aphrodisias]]
-*[[Armana]]
-*[[Babylon]]
-*[[Easter Island]]
-*[[Fishbourne]]
-*[[Knossos]]
-*[[Machu Picchu]]
-*[[Novgorod]]
-*[[Pompeii]]
-*[[Pylos]]
-*[[Pyramids of Giza]]
-*[[Ur]]
-
-Famous archaeologists:
-
-*[[Gustaf VI Adolf]]
-*[[Lewis Binford]]
-*[[Howard Carter]]
-*[[James Deetz]]
-*[[Arthur Evans|Sir Arthur Evans]]
-*[[William Flinders Petrie]]
-*[[Kathleen Kenyon]]
-*[[Louis Leakey]]
-*[[Pitt Rivers]] (Augustus Lane-Fox)
-*[[Colin Renfrew]]
-*[[Heinrich Schliemann]]
-*[[Chris Tilley]]
-*[[Mortimer Wheeler]]
-*[[Leonard Woolley]]
-*[[Thor Heyerdahl]]
-
-Techniques used in archaeology:
-
-* [[Dendrochronology]]
-* [[Decipherment]]
-* [[Excavation]]
-* [[Geophysical survey]]
-* [[Radiocarbon dating]]
-* [[Reconstruction archaeology]]
-* [[Side scan sonar]]
-
-Ongoing Digs:
-
-*[[Ashkelon]] Ancient [[Canaan|Canaanite]] and [[Philistines|Philistine]] city in [[Israel]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:Architectuur]][[fr:Architecture]]
-'''Architecture''' is the [[art]] or [[science]] of [[design |designing]] the built environment; including cities, buildings, interiors, landscape, furniture, objects, etc. According to the earliest surviving work on the subject, [[Vitruvius | Vitruvius']] "On Architecture", it is said to rest on three principles: Beauty (''Venustas''), Firmness (''Firmitas'') and Utility (''Utilitas''); architecture can be said to be a balance between these three elements, with no one overpowering the others.
-
-In [[Vitruvius | Vitruvius']] own words:
-
-:"Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning; by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts. Practice and theory are its parents. Practice is the frequent and continued contemplation of the mode of executing any given work, or of the mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. Wherefore the mere practical architect is not able to assign sufficient reasons for the forms he adopts; and the theoretic architect also fails, grasping the shadow instead of the substance. He who is theoretic as well as practical, is therefore doubly armed; able not only to prove the propriety of his design, but equally so to carry it into execution."
-
-The word ''architecture'' is also used for the design or act of designing other complex systems. For example [[computer architecture]], [[software architecture]], [[information architecture]]. In this case, it tends to refer to the overall structure of the system.
-
-Architecture in general spans a great many ideas and places, including the act of designing and building simple carpentry pieces for a home, to residential housing to large-scale projects such as hospitals, airports, cities, regions, etc. Because of the wide ranging nature of architecture there are many ways to look at it. A simple way would be to break it into segments that can be then cross-referenced. The list below moves from the individual to the holistic in approach.
-
-=== [[Architect |Architects]] ===
-
-=== [[Forms in Architecture]] ===
-
-=== [[Periods of Architecture]] ===
-
-External links:
-* [http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/home.html Vitruvius' "Ten Books of Architecture" online]
-
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Astronomie]][[eo:Astronomio kaj Astrofiziko]][[fr:Astronomie]][[nl:Astronomie en Astrofysica]][[pl:Astronomia]][[pt:Astronomia e AstrofÃsica]]
-'''Astronomy''', which etymologically means ''laws of the [[star|stars]]'', is the science whose subject is the observation and explanation of events outside the earth. '''Astrophysics'''
-was born as the application of physics to the phenomena observed
-by astronomy, this was only possible once it was understood that the elements that made up the "celestial objects" were the same that made up the [[Earth]], and that the same [[laws of physics]] applied. Nearly all astronomers now have a strong background in physics, and the results of observations are always put in an astrophysical context, so the distinction between astronomy and astrophysics almost doesn't exist anymore.
-
-In the early part of its history, astronomy involved only the
-observation and predictions of the motions of the objects in the sky that could be seen with the naked eye.
-Greeks made some important contributions to astronomy, but
-the progress almost stopped during the middle ages, except for
-the work of some Arabic astronomers. The renaissance came to
-astronomy with the work of [[Copernicus]], who proposed a
-heliocentric system. His work was defended, expanded and corrected by the likes of [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Kepler]]. The latter of these was the first to provide a system which described correctly the details of the motion of the planets with the Sun at the centre. He didn't understand the reasons behind the laws he wrote down, however, and it was left to Newton's invention of [[celestial dynamics]] and his [[law of gravitation]],
-the final explanation of the motions of the planets. Stars were
-found much later to be far away objects, and with the advent of
-spectroscopy it was proved that they were similar to our own sun,
-but with a range of temperatures, masses and sizes. The existence
-of our Galaxy, the Milky Way, as a separate group of stars was only proven in the 20th century, along with the existence of
-"external" galaxies, and soon after, the expansion of the universe seen in the recession of most galaxies from us.
-Cosmology, a discipline that has a large intersection with
-astronomy, made huge advances during the 20th century,
-with the model of the hot [[big bang]] heavily supported by the
-evidence provided by astronomy and physics, such as the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] ,[[Hubble's Law]] and
-[[big bang nucleosynthesis|cosmological abundances of elements]].
-
-For a more detailed history of astronomy, see the [[history of astronomy]].
-
-== Division by way of obtaining information ==
-
-Given its huge scope, astronomy is divided into different branches.
-The divisions are not unique, however, and the intersections, as
-well as astronomers who work in several areas, are the rule more
-than the exception.
-
-In astronomy, the main way of obtaining information is through
-the detection and analysis of [[electromagnetic radiation]].
-A traditional division of astronomy is given by the region of
-the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] observed:
-
-*[[Optical astronomy]] refers to the techniques used to detect and analyze light in and slightly around the [[wavelength]]s than can be detected with the [[eye]]s (about 400 - 800 nm). The most common tool is the [[telescope]].
-*[[Infrared astronomy]] deals with using infrared radiation (wavelengths longer than the red light). Again, the most common tool is the [[telescope]], but optimized for use at longer wavelengths. Space telescopes are also used to eliminate noise ( electromagnetic interference) from the atmosphere.
-*[[Radio astronomy]] uses completely different instruments to detect radiation of wavelengths of mm to cm. The receivers are similar to those used in radio broadcast transmission (which uses those wavelengths of radiation). See also [[Radio telescope]]s.
-*[[High-energy astronomy]]
-
-Optical and radio astronomy can be done using ground-based observatories, because the [[atmosphere]] is transparent at those wavelengths. Infrared light is heavily absorbed by
-[[water vapor]], so infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places or in space.
-
-The [[atmosphere]] is opaque at the wavelengths used by [[X-ray astronomy]], [[gamma-ray astronomy]], [[UV astronomy]] and, except for a few wavelength "windows", [[Far infrared astronomy]] , and so observations
-can be carried out only from balloons or [[space observatory|space observatories]].
-
-All the previous disciplines are based on the detection of [[photon|photons]], but we also receive information from outside the earth carried by [[cosmic rays]], [[neutrino|neutrinos]], and, in the near future, [[gravitational wave|gravitational waves]] (see [[LIGO]] and [[LISA]]).
-
-== Division by subject ==
-
-Astronomers study many objects including [[planet|planets]], [[star|stars]], [[nova|novae]], [[star cluster|star clusters]], [[galaxy|galaxies]], [[nebula|nebulae]], etc. but not every astronomer observes every kind of object. A different division can be made using the regions of space and problems addressed; among them
-
-*[[Galactic astronomy]]
-*[[Extragalactic astronomy]]
-*[[Galaxy formation and evolution]]
-*[[Star formation]]
-*[[Stellar evolution]]
-*[[Stellar astronomy]]
-*[[Astrometry]]
-
-The study of the [[planet|planets]] of the [[solar system]] is (in recent times)
-sometimes considered a different discipline, called [[Planetary Sciences]] or Planetology
-
-Also, there are other disciplines that may be considered part
-of astronomy, or are interdisciplinary sciences with astronomy
-one of the disciplines:
-
-*[[Archeoastronomy]]
-*[[Astrobiology]]
-*[[Astrochemistry]]
-*[[Planetary sciences]]
-*[[Cosmology]]
-
-Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs still play
-an active role.
-
-If your favorite area of research is not mentioned, feel free to
-add it.
-
-== Organizations ==
-
-*[[International Astronomical Union]]
-*[[American Astronomical Society]]
-*[[National Optical Astronomy Observatories]]
-*[[European Southern Observatory]]
-*[http://www.rasc.ca Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]
-*[http://www.ras.org.uk Royal Astronomical Society (UK)]
-
-== Amateur astronomy ==
-
-Amateur astronomy is one of the oldest and most popular of hobbies. From the occasional stargazer to the most hardened deep sky object hunter, thousands of amateurs are involved in this branch of astronomy. Some topics in amateur astronomy include:
-*[[Amateur astronomy]]
-*[[Deep sky objects]]
-*[[Telescope]]s
-*[[Telescope making]]
-*[[Observing]]
-
-''This section is still in its infancy, please add articles''
-
-----
-
-See also [[Astronomer|Astronomers and Astrophysicists]], [[Amateur Astronomy]], [[History of astronomy]].
-
-== Basic Concepts ==
-
-*[[astronomical distances]]
-*[[celestial sphere]]
-*[[right ascension]]
-*[[precession]]
-*[[obliquity of the ecliptic]]
-*[[orbit]]
-**retrograde orbit
-**prograde orbit
-*[[rotation]]
-*[[phases]]
-*[[eclipse]]
-*[[Lagrangian Point|Lagrangian points]]
-*[[solar system]]
-*[[apparent magnitude]]
-*[[absolute magnitude]]
-*[[orbital revolution]]
-*[[H-R diagram]]
-*[[Stellar classification]]
-*[[planetary nomenclature]]
-
-See also:
-* [[space science]]...
-* [[Timeline of black hole physics]]
-* [[Timeline of cosmology]]
-* [[Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy]]
-* [[Timeline of other background radiation fields]]
-* [[Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large scale structure]]
-* [[Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium]]
-* [[Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae]]
-* [[Timeline of stellar astronomy]]
-* [[Timeline of solar astronomy]]
-* [[Timeline of solar system astronomy]]
-* [[Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys]]
-* [[Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology]]
-* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes]]
-
-----
-
-External links:
-* [http://www.ency-astro.com/ Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics]
-* [http://xxx.lanl.gov Los Alamos Astrophysics e-Print Database]
-* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[dk:Biologi]][[de:Biologie]][[eo:Biologio]][[fr:Biologie]][[nl:Biologie]][[pl:Biologia]][[pt:Biologia]]
-
-Testing...
-
-'''Biology''' is the study of [[life]] and its processes. The term biology was coined in the late [[1700s]] by the French naturalist Pierre-Antoine de Monet, Jean-Baptiste de [[Lamarck]].
-
-[[Biologist]]s study general principles of how living things work in [[biochemistry]], [[genetics]], and [[physiology]]. They investigate [[organism]]s' [[morphology]], [[anatomy]], [[behavior]], and [[ontogeny]] to learn about function and identity. To find out how organisms interact among each other and with the [[environment]], biologists investigate their [[ecology]]. At the [[microscopy|microscopic]] level, biologists study their [[cell biology]].
-
-One of the central concepts in biology is the principle of [[evolution]]. The evolutionary history of an organism, i.e., the sequence of ancestral [[species]], is called its [[phylogeny]]; it is studied using methods of [[molecular biology]] by analyzing biopolymer sequences of [[gene]]s and [[protein]]s, and by investigating ancient forms of life in [[paleontology]]. Various methodologies have been developed, including [[phylogenetics]], [[phenetics]], and [[cladistics]]. An [[evolutionary timeline]] outlining the major events in the evolution of life on Earth is available.
-
-The classification of living things is called [[systematics]], or [[taxonomy]], and should reflect the evolutionary trees ([[phylogenetic tree]]s) of the different organisms. Taxonomy piles up organisms in groups called [[taxa]], while systematics seeks their relationships. The dominant system is called [[Linnaean taxonomy]], which includes ranks and [[binomial nomenclature]]. How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (ICBN), the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] (ICZN), and the [[International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria]] (ICNB). A fourth Draft BioCode was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize naming in the three areas, but it does not appear to have yet been formally adopted. A text of the draft may be found athttp://www.rom.on.ca/biodiversity/biocode/biocode1997.html The [[International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature]] (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode.
-
-Typically, living things were divided into five kingdoms:
-
-:[[Monera]] -- [[Protista]] -- [[Fungi]] -- [[Plantae]] -- [[Animalia]]
-
-However, this five-kingdom system is now considered by many to be outdated, and if one does not want to hyperinflate the number of kingdoms, one can use the [[three domain system]]. These domains reflect whether cells have nuclei or not, and differences in cell membranes / cell walls.
-
-:[[Archaea]] -- [[Eubacteria]] -- [[Eukaryota]]
-
-The distinction between life and non-life is difficult, there is also a series of intracellular "[[parasites]]" that are progressively less alive in terms of being [[metabolism|metabolically]] active:
-
-:[[virus (biology)|viruses]] -- [[Viroid]]s -- [[Prion]]s
-
-== Major Branches of Biology ==
-
-:[[Aerobiology]] -- [[Anatomy]] -- [[Anthropology]] -- [[Astrobiology]] -- [[Biochemistry]] -- [[Bionics]] -- [[Biogeography]] -- [[Biophysics]]-- [[Biotechnology]] -- [[Botany]] -- [[Cell biology]] -- [[Chorology]] -- [[Cladistics]] -- [[Cytology]] -- [[Developmental biology]] -- [[Ecology]] ([[Symbiology]], [[Autecology]])-- [[Ethology]] -- [[Evolution]] (Evolutionary biology) --[[Evo-devo]] (Evolution of Development)-- [[Genetics]] ([[Genomics]], [[Proteomics]]) -- [[Histology]] -- [[Immunology]] -- [[Infectious disease]] ([[Pathology]], [[Epidemiology]])-- [[Limnology]] -- [[Marine biology]] -- [[Microbiology]] ([[Bacteriology]]) -- [[Molecular Biology]] -- [[Mycology]] / [[Lichenology]] -- [[Neuroscience]] -- [[Oncology]] (the study of cancer) -- [[Ontogeny]] -- [[Paleontology]] ([[Palaeobotany]], [[Palaezoology]])-- [[Phycology]] (Algology) -- [[Phylogeny]] ([[Phylogenetics]], [[Phylogeography]]) -- [[Physiology]] -- [[Phytopathology]] -- [[Structural biology]] -- [[Taxonomy]] -- [[Toxicology]] (the study of poisons and [[pollution]]) -- [[Virology]] -- [[Zoology]]; related: [[medicine]]
-
-== People and History ==
-
-:[[List_of_biologists|Famous biologists]] -- [[History of biology]] -- [[Nobel_Prize/Physiology_or_medicine|Nobel prize in physiology or medicine]] -- [[Timeline of biology and organic chemistry]]
-
-What are our priorities for writing in this area? To help develop a list of the most basic topics in Biology, please see [[Biology basic topics]].
-
-== Resources ==
-
-* David R. Maddison: ''The Tree of Life'', http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/. A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity.
-* Lynn Margulis: ''Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, 3rd ed.'', W H Freeman & Co 1998.
-* Neil Campbell: ''Biology: Concepts and Connections, 3rd ed.'', Benjamin/Cummings 2000. A college-level textbook.
-* John W. Kimball: ''Kimball's Biology Pages'', http://www.ultranet.com/~jkimball/BiologyPages/. A searchable online textbook.
-* Charles Darwin: ''The Origin of Species''
-
+++ /dev/null
-
-Wikipedia block-level elements test:
-
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-
-(11)
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-; Word : Definition
-
-(12)
-
-; Word
-: Definition
-
-(13)
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-; Word
-:# First def
-:# Second def
-
-(14)
-
-:: Double indent
-
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-::: Triple indent
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-
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-
-Wikipedia bracket variables test:
-
-Month: {{CURRENTMONTH}}
-
-Month name: {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}
-
-Day: {{CURRENTDAY}}
-
-Day name: {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}
-
-Year: {{CURRENTYEAR}}
-
-Time: {{CURRENTTIME}}
-
-Number of articles: {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}
-
+++ /dev/null
-Business and Industry
-
-* [[Accounting]]
-
-* [[Banking]]
-* [[Business]]
-* [[Business Schools]]
-
-* [[Capitalism]]
-
-* [[Commerce]]
-* [[Companies]]
-* [[consumer electronics|Consumer electronics]]
-
-* [[Domestic organization]]
-
-* [[Education]]
-* [[Electronic commerce]]
-* [[Entrepreneur]]
-* [[Ethics]]
-
-* [[Finance and investment]]
-* [[Fundamental business concepts]]
-
-* [[Home economics]]
-* [[Finishing school|Home economics education]]
-* [[History]]
-
-* [[Industry]]
-* [[Insurance]]
-
-* [[Law]]
-** [[Copyright]]
-** [[Corporation]]
-** [[Intellectual property]]
-*** [[Trade secret]]
-** [[Patent|patents]] and [[Trademark|trademarks]]
-
-* [[Management science]]
-* [[Manufacturing]]
-* [[Marketing and advertising]]
-* [[media|Media]]
-
-* [[Network Marketing]]
-** [[Network_Marketing_Facts|Facts]] and [[Network_Marketing_Myths|Myths]]
-
-* [[Real Estate]]
-** [[Real_Estate_Agencies|Agencies]]
-* [[Retailer]]
-
-* [[tax|Taxation]]
-* [[Trade]]
-
-* [[Wholesaler]]
-
-See also: [[economics]]
+++ /dev/null
-The term '''card game''' refers to any [[game]] using [[playing card]]s, either traditional or specialized.
-
-Other games using cards include [[trading card game]]s and [[combination games]] with use cards in addition to other playing equipment.
-
-[[Trick-taking game]]s:
-* [[500 Card Game|500]]
-* [[9-5-2]]
-* [[Bridge game|Bridge]]
-* [[Euchre]]
-* [[Hearts]]
-* [[Napoleon]]
-* [[Sheepshead]]
-* [[Skat]]
-* [[Spades]]
-* [[Tarocchi]]
-* [[Whist]]
-* [[Pinochle]]
-* [[Oh Hell]]
-* [[Tarock]] (played with a Tarot deck)
-
-[[Matching game]]s: (also referred to as the Rummy family)
-* [[Canasta]]
-* [[Gin Rummy| Gin (Gin Rummy)]]
-* [[500 Rum]]
-* [[Go Fish]]
-
-[[Gambling]] games:
-* [[Blackjack]]
-* [[Boure|Bouré]]
-* [[Panguingue]]
-* [[Poker]]
-* [[Red Dog]]
-* [[3 card brag]]
-
-[[Solitaire]] or Patience games:
-* [[Klondike solitaire|Klondike]]
-* [[FreeCell]]
-(see a guide to [[Solitaire/Terminology]])
-
-Shedding games: (also referred to as the Stops family)
-* [[Uno]]
-* [[Macau]]
-* [[Mao (game)|Mao]]
-* [[Crazy Eights]]
-* [[Fan Tan]]
-* [[Michigan Rummy]]
-* [[President (game)|President]] (Asshole; The Great Dalmuti)
-* [[Old Maid]]
-* [[Shichi Narabe]]
-* [[Bullshit]] (aka Cheat / I Doubt It)
-
-Accumulating games:
-* [[Spit]]
-* [[War (card game)|War]]
-* [[Egyptian Ratscrew]]
-* [[Beggar-My-Neighbour]]
-
-Special decks:
-* [[Grass card game|Grass]]
-* [[Mille Bournes]]
-* [[Set game]]
-* [[Karuta]]
-
-See also: [[Board game]]
-
-== External links ==
-
-*http://www.pagat.com has information about many different card games.
-*[http://www.funagain.com Funagain Games] includes short profiles of many proprietary games
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Chemie]][[eo:Kemio]][[fr:Chimie]][[nl:Scheikunde]][[pl:Chemia]][[pt:QuÃmica]]
-'''Chemistry''' is the study of the basic [[atomic]] building-blocks of nature and how they combine to form the [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s, and [[gas]]es that make up life and everything else we know. For the many different [[chemical element]]s and compounds, see:
-
-* The [[Periodic table]]
-* [[Inorganic chemistry]], including [[solid state chemistry]], which studies the basic principles that are applied in [[mineralogy]] and [[Materials Science]]
-* [[Organic chemistry]], which underlies [[biochemistry]] and [[polymer]] chemistry
-* [[Physical chemistry]], which includes [[computational chemistry]], [[quantum chemistry]] and [[surface chemistry]]
-* [[Analytical chemistry]], the basis of [[environmental chemistry]]
-
-For some basic concepts see:
-
-* [[Orbitals]]
-* [[Kinetics]]
-* [[Thermochemistry]]
-* [[Electrochemistry]]
-* [[chemical bond|Chemical bonding]]
-* [[isomer|Isomerism]]
-
-History of Chemistry:
-*[[Alchemy]]
-*[[Discovery of the chemical elements]]
-
-[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
-
-[http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/ IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page]
-
-See also [[Chemistry basic topics]], [[Chemist]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:De klassieken]]
-In its classic sense, ''classics'' means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of ancient Greece and Rome.
-
-*Ancient Greece
-::[[Greek language]]
-::[[Greek mythology]]
-::[[Greek literature]]
-::[[Greek architecture]]
-
-*Ancient Rome
-::[[Latin]]
-::[[Roman mythology]]
-::[[Latin literature]]
-::[[Rhetoric]]
-
-*Post-Classical Scholarship
-::[[Humanism]]
-::[[Philology]]
-
-Classics can also mean (typically in non-academic contexts) [[classic book]]s.
+++ /dev/null
-'''Communication''' means the exchange of ideas with a [[community]], and as such can include both technical topics like [[telecommunication]] and societal issues like [[mass media]]. Several [[scientific journal]]s have this word in their title, for example [[Communications of the ACM]].
-----
-We can treat ''Communication'' like a language and a subject unto itself, or as the name of a field of study.
-
-"Communication" implies two different, and sometimes conflicting, things.
-On one hand, it means to have a thoughtful exchange of views with a small number of people, perhaps just one. But it can also mean to disseminate broadly a simple message, without deep thought or appeals for feedback. The Latin root is ''communicare'' and means "to make common".
-
-''Communication'' as a field of study is relatively new. Arguably, it encompasses [[journalism]], [[public relations]], [[media studies]] (which might include the study of [[television]], [[radio]], and [[film]]), and [[rhetoric]], among other fields.
-
-In a more technical sense, see also [[telegraphy]], [[telephone]], [[computer network]].
-
-We might divide these diverse fields into those which cultivate a thoughtful exchange between a small number of people (debate, talk radio, e-mail, personal letters) on the one hand; and those which disseminate broadly a simple message (public relations, television, Hollywood films.)
-
-Under communication one might also classify the [[postal system]].
-
-In [[virtual management]] an important issue is [[computer mediated communication]].
-----
-=== Overview ===
-*Definitions of communication
-*Overview of debate: what is and isn't communication?
-
-=== Communication Models ===
-*encoding, sending and receiving messages
-*symbols, language
-*verbal, nonverbal
-
-=== Communication Technology ===
-*general overview of changes and advances
-*effects of communication technology on culture and society
-*systems of communication
-* [[Timeline of communication technology]]
-* The [[United States]] [[Federal Communications Commission]]
-
-=== The Study of Communication ===
-*historical sketch
-*important people, theories
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[ca:Informà tica]][[de:Informatik]][[eo:Komputiko]][[fr:Informatique]][[it:Informatica]][[nl:Informatica]][[no:Informatikk]][[pl:Informatyka]][[pt:Computação]]
-'''Computer science''' is the study of the design, use, and properties of [[computer|computers]]. See also [[computing]].
-
-Computer science is a relatively new field with roots in [[electrical engineering]], [[mathematics]] and [[linguistics]]. Only in the last third of the [[20th century]] has it begun to be recognized as a separate discipline and developed its own methods and terminology.
-
-See [[computer scientist]] for a list of famous computer scientists.
-
-Major subfields include
-
-* Mathematical foundations
-** [[Discrete mathematics]]
-** [[Symbolic logic]]
-
-* Theoretical computer science
-** [[Algorithmic information theory]]
-** [[computational complexity theory|Complexity theory]]
-** [[Computability theory]]
-** [[Information theory]]
-** [[Theory of computation]] (or ''theoretical computer science'')
-** [[Type theory]]
-
-* Algorithms
-** [[Algorithm|Algorithms]]
-** [[Compiler|Compilers]]
-** [[Lexical Analysis]]
-** [[microprogram|Microprogramming]]
-** [[Operating system|Operating systems]]
-
-* Applied computer science
-** [[Artificial intelligence]]
-** [[Computer architecture]]
-** [[Computer graphics]]
-** [[Computer network|Computer networks]]
-** [[Computer security]]
-** [[Database|Databases]]
-** [[Distributed computing]]
-** [[Information retrieval]]
-** [[Programming language|Programming languages]]
-** [[Program specification]]
-** [[Program verification]]
-** [[Software engineering]]
-
-* Specific techniques
-** [[Benchmark]]
-** [[Computer vision]]
-** [[Data compression]]
-** [[Data structure|Data structures]]
-** [[Design pattern|Design patterns]]
-** [[Digital signal processing]]
-** [[File format|File formats]]
-** [[Human-computer interaction]]
-** [[Information security]]
-** [[Internet]]
-** [[Online computations and algorithms]]
-** [[Software optimization|Optimization]]
-** [[Very Large System Integration|VLSI design]]
-
-Related articles:
-* [[Turing Award]]
-* [[IEEE John von Neumann Medal]]
-* [[Computer jargon]]
-* [[jargon file|Computer slang]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Kuireco]][[fr:Cuisine]][[nl:Kookkunst]][[pl:Kulinaria]]
-'''Cooking''' is the [[art]], [[science]], [[profession]], and [[hobby]] of preparing [[food]] for human consumption. The term is often used in the narrower sense of applying heat to chemically transform a food to change its flavor, texture, appearance, or nutritional properties.
-Heating food has several uses.
-It can sterilize the food (depending on temperature, cooking time, and technique used), in addition to softening the food by turning [[collagen]] into [[gelatin]].
-
-Because eating is a universal human drive, cooking is a nearly universal cultural feature. Specific techniques and ingredients are often regional. See [[Cuisine]] for information about the many regional and ethnic food traditions. Please see [[food writing]] for some authors of books on cookery, food, and the history of food.
-
-Some major cooking (in the sense of transforming raw food with heat) techniques:
-
-* [[Baking]]
-** [[High tech baking]]
-* [[Barbecuing]]
-* [[Boiling]]
-** [[Blanching]]
-* [[Braising]]
-* [[Broiling]]
-* [[Frying]]
-** [[Deep frying]]
-** [[Hot salt frying]]
-** [[Hot sand frying]]
-** [[Pan frying]]
-** [[Sauteeing]]
-** [[Stir frying]]
-* [[Grilling]]
-* [[Poaching (cooking)|Poaching]]
-* [[Pressure cooking]]
-* [[Roasting]]
-* [[Smoking (food)|Smoking]]
-* [[Steaming]]
-** [[Double steaming]]
-* [[Vacuum flask cooking]]
-
-Other preparation techniques:
-* [[Brining]]
-* [[Marination]]
-* [[Seasoning]]
-* [[Pickling]]
-* [[Microwaving]] (also known as "nuking")
-
-Other information:
-
-* [[Food and cooking hygiene]]
-
-* [[Cooking weights and measures]] (includes conversions and equivalencies common in cooking)
-
-For recipes, see the [[Wikipedia Cookbook]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-'''Critical theory''' began as a label used by members of the Institute for Social Research of [[Frankfurt University]] to describe their own work. The Institute was founded in [[1923]] by [[Max Horkheimer]] and closed in [[1934]]; many of its members emigrated to New York City and helped found the New School for Social Research there. The original [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] school re-opened in the [[1950s]] and its chief modern representative is probably [[Jurgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]].
-
-The Frankfurt school were dissident [[Marxism | Marxists]], severe critics of capitalism who believed that a narrow selection of [[Karl Marx | Marx's]] ideas were being parroted by those who claimed to follow his lead, usually in defense of the Communist Party. They took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions he had never seen. They drew on other schools of thought to fill in perceived omissions in Marx's. [[Max Weber]] was a principal influence, but [[Herbert Marcuse]], for example, sought to combine the views of [[Karl Marx | Marx]] and [[Freud]].
-
-The Frankfurt school was literally a school, a place where individuals taught and learned. There is no one method, ambition, or conclusion shared by all of them. However, there is a broad emphasis on criticizing the ''culture'' of capitalism (and orthodox communism). The title of one book, Leo Lowenthal's ''Literature, Popular Culture, and Society'', suggests their interests. In [[Habermas]], the work focuses on the question of what cultural conditions are needed to make good intellectual work possible -- or, more pessimistically, how far economic interests and political dogma can corrupt science and philosophy.
-
-This general emphasis on culture as a product of economic systems has shaped literary historians, film critics, historians of science, and others. The search for useful ideas from other fields has also been imitated. Therefore, the term "critical theory" now is used loosely to group all sorts of work--[[Structuralism]], the anti-structuralist views known as [[Postmodernism]], and so on. See [[Cultural movement]].
-
-See [[Walter Benjamin]], [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Jurgen Habermas]], [[Max Weber]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Tanz]]
-Dance is a rhythmic movement of the human body to music. There are an almost infinite number of dances, in hundreds of different cultures.
-
-Dance may be divided into two main categories. One type is that performed mainly for the amusement of the dancer - a form of [[recreation]] and, often, an opportunity to get to meet and interact with potential partners. In the present, many styles of recreational dancing are fairly loose and improvised. However, many others are quite formalized and are [[ritual]]ized, such as [[folk dance]].
-
-The other form is that performed on stage for the entertainment of a non-participating audience - dance as [[theatre]]. Both styles of dance inform the other, and there is considerable overlap between the two.
-
-Some dance styles include:
-
-[[Ballroom Dance]] -- [[Belly Dance]] -- [[Classical Dance]] -- [[Country Dance]] -- [[Square Dance]] -- [[Swing Dance]] -- [[Jazz dance]] -- [[Modern dance]] -- [[Folk dance]] -- [[Ballet dance|Ballet]] -- [[Tap Dance]]
-
-Ethnic dance styles: [[Bharata Natyam]] (from India)
-
-Historical dance forms: [[Medieval dance]] -- [[Renaissance dance]] -- [[Baroque dance]] -- [[18th century dance]] -- [[Regency dance]] -- [[Vintage dance]]
-
-See also: [[Dance music]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Tersciencoj]][[nl:Aardwetenschappen]][[pl:Nauki o Ziemi]][[pt:Ciências da Terra]]
-'''Earth science''' is the the study of the [[Earth]] and its processes. This disipline includes [[geology]], [[geophysics]], [[meteorology]], [[physical geography]] (as opposed to [[human geography]]), [[mineralogy]], [[paleontology]] (also known as paleobiology), [[geodesy]] and other sciences. [[Marine science]] and [[environmental science]] are highly interdisciplinary branches of earth sciences.
-Arguably, earth science can be regarded as a branch of [[planetary science]].
-
-=== List of the earth science topics ===
-
-* [[Astronomy]]
-* [[Atmosphere]]
-
-* [[Cretaceous extinction event]]
-* [[Dinosaur]]
-
-* [[Earthquake]]
-* [[Environmental geology]]
-
-* [[Fossil]]
-
-* [[Geomorphology]]
-* [[Geochemistry]]
-* [[Geologic event]]s
-* [[Geologic hazard]]s
-* [[Geologic time]]
-
-* [[Glaciation]]
-
-* [[Historical geology]]
-* [[Hutton]]
-
-* [[Impact event]]s
-
-* [[Meteorology]]
-* [[Mineral]]
-* [[Mudslide]]
-
-* [[Oceanography]]
-
-* [[Plate tectonics]]
-* [[Physical geology]]
-* [[Petroleum geology]]
-
-* [[Rock|Rocks]]
-
-* [[Stratigraphy]]
-* [[Structural geology]]
-
-* [[Volcano]]
-
-* [[Wind erosion]]
-* [[Wind deposition]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[fr:Économie]][[nl:Economie]][[pl:Ekonomia]][[pt:Economia]]
-'''Economics''' is a [[Social sciences|social science]] that studies society's allocation of [[scarcity|scarce]] resources to meet desires and wants. Economics therefore starts from the premise that resources are in limited supply and that it is necessary to choose between competing alternatives. With scarcity, choosing one alternative implies foregoing another alternative; economists refer to this as [[opportunity cost]].
-
-A further aspect is how incentives (the consequences of different courses of action) affect individual or group behavior. Economists tend to think that incentives and [[Utility|preferences]] (tastes) together play an important role in shaping decision making.
-
-Economics is ''positive'' when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices and ''normative'' when it prescribes a certain route of action. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are trade, resource allocation and competition.
-
-Unlike most social sciences, economics has widely adopted formal mathematical modelling. This can involve advanced mathematical methods, but often only relatively straightforward algebra is used. Economists often believe that mathematical methods encourage researchers to focus on essentials and makes exposition less prone to ambiguity. However, the basic ideas of economics can be taught with no more than simple arithmetic and graphs, without knowledge of the underlying formal mathematical theory.
-
-=== Areas of study in economics ===
-Economics is usually divided into two main categories:
-*[[Microeconomics]], which deals with the behaviour and interaction of individual agents and firms.
-*[[Macroeconomics]], which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as income, employment and inflation.
-
-Attempts to join these two branches or to refute the distinction between them have been important motivators in much of recent economic thought, especially in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Today, the consensus view is arguably that good macroeconomics has solid microeconomic foundations. That is, its premises have support in microeconomics.
-
-Within these major divisions there are specialized areas of study that try to answer questions on a broad spectrum of human economic activity (see below). There are also methodologies used by economists whose underlying theories are important. The most significant example may be [[econometrics]], which is applies statistical techniques to the study of economic data.
-
-There has been an increasing trend for ideas from economics to be applied in wider contexts. There is an economic aspect to any field where people are faced with alternatives - education, marriage, public policy, etc. [[Public Choice Theory]] studies how economic analysis can apply to those fields traditionally considered outside of economics. The areas of investigation in Economics therefore overlap with other social sciences, including [[political science]] and [[sociology]].
-
-=== Development of economic thought ===
-
-Modern economic thought is usually said to have begun with [[Adam Smith]] in the late 18th century. For an overview of precursors to Smith as well as an overview of schools that have developed later, see [[History of Economic Thought|history of economic thought]]. Modern mainstream economics is primarily a further refinment of [[neoclassical economics]].
-
-Macroeconomics began with [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]] in the 1930s. For an overview of a number of competing schools, see [[macroeconomics]].
-
-Many economists use a combination of Neoclassical microeconomics and Keynesian macroeconomics. This combination, sometimes known as the ''Neoclassical synthesis'', was dominant in Western teaching and public policy in the years following [[World War II]] and up to the late 1970s.
-
-In priniciple, economics can be applied to any type of economic organization. However, it developed historically in [[market]] societies, and its most detailed and precise work has dealt with the institutions belonging to them. To what extent economics must be adjusted to be applied to earlier forms of social organization has been the source of discussion. Generally, mainstream economists mostly feel that the basic framework of economics is relevant and flexible enough to be applied to virtually any form of society. Marxist economists, who were more influential a few decades ago, often feel that each era of history obeys its very own set of laws, and that contemporary economics can only be applied to industrialized societies.
-
-=== Branches of economics and related subjects ===
-Economics may be broken down as follows:
-
-:''[[Microeconomics]]''
-
-:[[General equilibrium]] -- [[Industrial organization]] -- [[Financial economics]] -- [[Public finance]] -- [[International trade]] -- [[Labor market|Labor economics]] -- [[Development economics]] -- [[Environmental economics]] -- [[Evolutionary economics]] -- [[Public choice theory]] -- [[Economic geography]] -- [[Network effect]] -- [[Transport economics]]
-
-:''[[Macroeconomics]]''
-:[[Stabilisation policy]] -- [[Economic growth]] -- [[Purchasing power parity]]
-
-:''Methodology''
-:[[Econometrics]] -- [[Game Theory]] -- [[Mathematical economics]]
-
-Related fields and topics:
-
-:''Related fields''
-:[[History of Economic Thought|History of economic thought]] -- [[Political economy]] -- [[Political science]] -- [[Accounting]] -- [[Finance and investment]] -- [[Operations research]]
-
-:''Selected topics''
-:[[Economists]] -- [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] -- [[Communism]] -- [[Capitalism]] -- [[Market economy]] -- [[Informal economy]] -- [[Natural capitalism]] -- [[Stock exchange]]
-
-=== Economics and political economy ===
-
-The term economics was coined in around 1870, and popularised by influential neoclassical economists such as [[Alfred Marshall]]. Prior to this the subject had been known as political economy. This term is still often used instead of economics, especially by radical economists such as [[Marxists]].
-
-===Links===
-* [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm]A guide to several online economics textbooks
-* [http://www.econlib.org/index.html] ''The library of economics and liberty'', a site with numerous articles and essays written by well-known economists
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:Onderwijs]]
-'''Education''' is a term which encompasses the teaching of specific [[skill]]s, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of [[knowledge]], good [[judgement]] and [[wisdom]].
-
-Education begins the minute a baby is born and is life-long. For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life are far more instructive than formal schooling (Thus Mark Twain: "I never let school interfere with my education.") [[Family]] members have an educational effect which is quite profound -- often more profound than they realize -- though family teaching techniques may be highly informal.
-
-Formal education occurs when society makes a commitment to educate people, usually the young. Formal education has the advantage of being fairly systematic and thorough; but critics have always noted that whoever sponsors formal education, be it a church, the state or some other group, that group will almost always seek to shape its impressionable scholars in that image.
-
-In recent years, life-long education has become far more widespread, and many adults have given up their notion that only children belong in school. However - the recent years of technology developments with portable computing devices may change some of the classical places where we do learn - OR where we find knowledge. In some places the learning can happen in real time as we need the knowledge itself. This is the computer based / networked learning stucture, where people contribute to each other's education.
-
-:Categories
-:[[Classical Education]] -- [[Reading]] -- [[Education/Math|Math]] -- [[Language education|Language]] -- [[Science education|Science]] -- [[Ethics]] -- [[Physical education]] -- [[Religious education]]
-
-:Formal education
-:[[Elementary education]] -- [[Secondary education]] -- [[Vocational education]] -- [[College education]] -- [[Graduate education]] -- [[Colleges and universities]] -- [[School choice]]
-
-:Educational policy
-:[[Literacy]] -- [[Standardized testing]] -- [[Education reform]] -- [[School choice]]
-
-:Informal education
-:[[Early instruction]] -- [[Home schooling]]
-
-:Theory and Methodology
-:[[Philosophy of education]]--[[Teaching method]] -- [[Instructional theory]]-- [[Learning theory]] -- [[Learning disability]] -- [[Instructional technology]]
-
-:Biographies
-:[[F. Matthias Alexander]]
-:[[John Dewey]]
-:[[Hermann Ebbinghaus]]
-:[[Maria Montessori]]
-:[[Ivan Pavlov]]
-:[[Plato]]
-:[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
-:[[B.F. Skinner]]
-
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-[[pt:Engenharia]]
-'''Engineering''' provides the building plans to (re)produce, process or control an artifact. Its practitioners are called engineers.
-
-At the start of an engineering project, engineers must find the constraints placed on the construction of an artifact. Constraints can include the money available, the wishes of future users of the artifact, and physical or technical limits. These constraints we call specifications or requirements.
-
-Engineers borrow from [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] to find suitable solutions to the problem at hand. They apply [[statistics]] and the [[scientific method]] in deriving their solutions. If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements.
-
-Engineers try to project how an artifact will perform to its specification. They use, among other things: computer simulations, destructive tests and stress tests. Testing ensures the artifact will act as predicted.
-
-It is a myth that ''engineer'' originated to describe those who built [[engine|engines]]. In fact, the word derives from the Latin ''ingeniosus'', the root of the modern English word "ingenious". An engineer was thus a clever, practical, problem solver. The term later evolved to include all fields where the skills of application of the [[scientific method]] are used.
-
-The main difference between [[technology]] and [[science]] is that the former is well understood and yields practical results while the latter tries to explain new and unexplained phenomena. Engineers work on technology while scientists work on science.
-
-
-Fields of engineering
-
-*[[Aerospace engineering]]
-*[[Agricultural engineering]]
-*[[Architectural engineering]]
-*[[Astronautical engineering]]
-*[[Bioresource engineering]]
-*[[Biomedical engineering]]
-*[[Chemical engineering]]
-*[[Civil engineering]]
-*[[Computer engineering]]
-*[[Control engineering]]
-*[[Electrical engineering]]
-*[[Environmental engineering]]
-*[[Food process engineering]]
-*[[Geotechnical engineering]]
-*[[Genetic engineering]]
-*[[Industrial and manufacturing engineering]]
-*[[Marine engineering]]
-*[[Mechanical engineering]]
-*[[Nanoengineering]]
-*[[Naval Architecture]]
-*[[Nuclear engineering]]
-*[[Petroleum engineering]]
-*[[Safety engineering]]
-*[[Software engineering]]
-*[[Structural engineering]]
-*[[Systems engineering]]
-*[[Transport engineering]]
-
-Some engineering related topics are:
-
-*[[Computer Aided Design]] (CAD)
-*[[Dimensionless Number|Dimensionless numbers]]
-*[[Electromagnetism]] governed by [[Maxwell's equations|Maxwell's Equations]]
-*[[Electrical network|Electrical Circuit Fundamentals]]
-*[[engineering life cycle cost analysis|Engineering Economics]]
-*[[Ethics]]
-*[[Liability]]
-*[[Mathematical model]]
-*[[Engineering statistics]]
-*[[Reverse engineering]]
-*[[Rheology]]
-*[[SI unit]]
-*[[Thermodynamics]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-Some forms of entertainment:
-*[[Television]]
-*[[Movies]]
-*[[Anime]]
-*[[Theatre]]
-*[[Sports]]
-*[[Chat]]
-*[[Eating Out]]
-*[[Drinking]]
-*[[Music]]
-*[[Show business]]
-*[[Sex business]]
-*[[Shooting]]
-*[[Celebrity|Celebrities]]
-*[[Humor]]
-**[[Clown]]s
-**[[Comedy]] and [[Comedian]]s
-**[[Internet humor]]
-**[[Illusion]]
-*[[Magic]]
-
-See also [[Game]]s.
-
-You might also find this page to be morbidly fascinating:
-
-[[Recent celebrity deaths]]
-
-And for the intellectually challenged:
-
-[[Cow tipping]] (although the cows probably don't see the funny side)
+++ /dev/null
-Some equations for testing TeX function:
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-(1) <math>\phi = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + ...}}}}</math>
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-(2) <math>\phi = \frac{1}{1 + \phi}</math>
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-(3) <math>\phi + \phi^2 = 1</math>
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-(4) <math>\phi^2 + \phi - 1 = 0</math>
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-(5) <math>\phi = \frac{1 \plusmn \sqrt{5}}{2}</math>
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-(6) <math>\phi \approx 1.61804, -0.61804 </math>
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-Wiki external links test:
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-(1) [http://a/b/c ABC]
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-(2) [https://d/e/f DEF]
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-(3) [ftp://g/h/i GHI]
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-(4) [gopher://j/k/l JKL]
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-(5) [news:a.b.c A.B.C]
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-(6) [mailto:a@b.c A@B.C]
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-(7) [http://m/n/o]
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-(8) [http://p/q/r]
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-(9) [http://a/b/c.png]
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-(10) [http://d/e/f.jpg]
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-(11) http://a/b/c
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-(14) http://a/b/c. More text.
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-(15) http://d/e/f, More text.
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-'''Family and consumer science''', or '''home economics''', involves the study of [[nutrition]], [[cooking]], [[parenting]], [[interior decoration]], [[textiles]], and other useful aspects of [[home management]].
-
-Keeping the home in good working order remains a demanding, time-consuming task. Today, societies are arguably underrating the skill involved in keeping the home.
-
-Most of the best, most highly skilled [[housewife|homemakers]] never studied "family and consumer science" or even knew it by that name. Some have developed their skills at a [[finishing school]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Film]][[eo:Kino]][[fr:Cinéma]][[nl:Film]][[pl:Film]]
-Initially, '''moving pictures''' meant only the movement that is perceived when a string of celluloid-recorded images are projected at a rate of 16 frames per second or more (see [[persistence of vision]]). Today, '''motion pictures''' (or '''movies''') are an art form, as well as one of the most popular forms of entertainment.
-
-=== History of Cinema ===
-
-* [[Eadweard Muybridge]]
-* [[William Friese-Greene]]
-* [[Augustin Le Prince|Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince]]
-* [[George Eastman]]
-* [[Thomas Edison]]
-* [[Auguste and Louis Lumiere|Auguste and Louis Lumière]]
-* [[Georges Méliès]]
-* Cinema pre-history: the [[zoetrope]], etc.
-
-Originally moving picture film was shot at a nominal 16 frames per second, but was changed to 24 frames per second with the introduction of sound. Other improvements since the late 1800s include the mechanization of cameras, allowing them to record at a consistent speed, and the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions. Since the advent of many other media technologies, film may include a broad range of media--both linear and non-linear, dramatic and informational, motion and still (though progressive).
-
-:[[Academy Awards]]
-:[[Motion picture terminology|Common terms]]
-:[[Digital cinema]]
-:[[Individual Movies]]
-:[[Film criticism]]
-:[[Film festival]]s
-:[[Film genres]]
-
-:[[Film history]]
-:[[Film institutes]]
-:[[Film technique]]
-:[[Film theory]]
-:[[Special effect]]s
-:[[Top grossing movie]]s
-:[[Top grossing movies US]]
-
-Film people:
-:[[Actors]]
-:[[Film crew]]
-:[[film criticism]]
-:[[Film directors]]
-:[[Screenwriter]]
-:[[Movie studio]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Ludoj]][[fr:Jeux]]
-All through human history, people have played '''games'''. They've done so mostly to entertain themselves and others. But games are also a form of self-expression, and a means of training young people, and reminding adults, of the preferred values of the society in which they live.
-
-Games can involve one person acting alone, but more often involve competition among two or more persons with differing goals. Philosopher [[David Kelley]], in his popular introductory reasoning text [[The Art of Reasoning]], defines the concept "game" as "a form of recreation constituted by a set of rules that specify an object to be attained and the permissible means of attaining it."
-
-This covers most cases well, but does not quite fit with things like war games and sports that are often done not for entertainment but to build skills for later use. In [[Philosophical Investigations]], philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] argued that the concept "game" could not be defined. [[Stephen Linhart]] said, "People say you have to choose between games and real life. I think this claim that there's a dichotomy is very dangerous."
-
-Many technical fields are often applied to the study of games, including [[probability]], [[statistics]], [[economics]], and [[game theory]].
-
-== Types of Games ==
-
-*[[Board game|Board games]]
-*[[Card game|Card games]]
-*[[Casino game|Casino games]]
-*[[Video game|Computer and Video games]]
-*[[Mathematical game|Mathematical games]]
-*[[Letter game|Letter games]]
-*[[Role-playing game|Role-playing games]]
-*[[Tile-based game|Tile-based games]]
-*[[Sport|Sports]]
-*[[Guessing game|Guessing games]]
-*[[Pencil and paper game|Pencil and paper games]]
-*[[Counting-out game|Counting-out games]]
-*[[Drinking game|Drinking games]]
-*[[Play by mail game|Play by mail games]]
-*[[Game show|Game shows]]
-*[[Unclassified game|Unclassified games]]
-*[[Table-top game]]s
-*[[Spoken game]]s
-*[[Games of physical skill]]
-
-See also: [[Sport]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Geografio]][[nl:Geografie]]
-'''Geography''' is the study of the surface of the [[Earth]]. The word derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''hêgê'' ("the Earth") and ''graphein'' ("to write").
-
-Geography is much more than [[Cartography]], the study of maps. It not only investigates what is where on the Earth, but also why it's there not somewhere else, sometimes referred to as "location in space". It studies this whether the cause is natural or human. It also studies the consequences of those differences.
-
-'''Methods'''
-
-Spatial interrelationships are key to this [[synoptic science]], and it uses [[map|maps]] as a key tool. Geographers use four interrelated approaches:
-* Systematic - Groups geographical knowledge into categories that can be explored globally
-* Regional - Examines systematic relationships between categories for a specific region or location on the [[planet]].
-* Descriptive - Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.
-* Analytical - Asks ''why'' we find features and populations in a specific geographic area.
-
-'''Physical geography'''
-
-This branch focuses on Geography as an [[Earth science]], making use of biology to understand global [[flora]] and [[fauna]] patterns, and [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] to understand the motion of the earth and relationship with other bodies in the [[solar system]]. It also covers [[mapmaking]] and [[navigation]].
-
-[[atmosphere]] -- [[archipelago]] -- [[city]] -- [[continent]] -- [[desert]] -- [[gulf]] -- [[island]] -- [[lake]] -- -- [[mountain range]] -- [[ocean]] -- [[peninsula]] -- [[plain]] -- [[river]] -- [[sea]] -- [[valley]] -- [[Ecology]] -- [[Climate]] -- [[soil]] -- [[geomorphology]] -- [[biogeography]] - [[Timeline of geography, meteorology, paleontology]]
-
-'''Human geography'''
-
-The [[human]], or political/cultural, branch of geography - also called [[anthropogeography]] focuses on the [[social science]], non-physical aspects of the way the world is arranged. It examines how humans adapt themselves to the land and to other people, and in macroscopic transformations they enact on the world. It can be divided into the following broad categories: [[economic geography]], [[political geography]] (including [[geopolitics]]), [[social geography]] (including [[urban geography]]), [[environmentalism]], [[cartography]], and [[military geography]].
-
-[[Countries of the world]] -- [[country]] -- [[city]] -- [[nation]] -- [[state]] -- [[union]]
-
-'''Historical geography'''
-----
-This branch seeks to determine how physical and cultural features of the planet evolved and came into being.
-
-'''Urban and Regional Planning'''
-
-[[Urban planning]] and [[regional planning]] use the science of geography to assist in determining how to develop (or not develop) the land to meet particular criteria, such as safety, beauty, economic opportunities, the preservation of the built or natural heritage, etcetera. The planning of towns, cities and rural areas may be seen as applied geography although it also draws heavily upon the arts, the sciences and lessons of history. Some of the issues facing planning are considered briefly under the headings of [[Rural Exodus]], [[Urban Exodus]] and [[Smart Growth]].
-
-'''History of Geography'''
-
-The [[Greek]]s are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a [[science]] and [[philosophy]], with major contributors including [[Thales]] of Miletus, [[Herodotus]], [[Eratosthenes]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Aristotle]], [[Dicaearchus]] of Messana, [[Strabo]], and [[Ptolemy]]. Mapping by the [[Roman]]s as they explored new lands added new techniques.
-
-During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Arab]]s such as [[Idrisi]], [[Ibn Battutah]], and [[Ibn Khaldun]] built on and maintained the Greek and Roman learnings. Following the journeys of [[Marco Polo]], interest in geography spread throughout [[Europe]]. During the [[Renaissance]] and into the [[16th century|16th]] and [[17th century|17th centuries]] the great voyages of exploration revived a desire for solid theoretical foundations and accurate detail. The [[Geographia Generalis]] by [[Bernhardus Varenius]] and [[Gerardus Mercator]]'s world map are prime examples.
-
-By the [[18th century]], geography had become recognized as a discrete discipline and became part of a typical [[university]] curriculum. Over the past two centuries the quantity of knowledge and the number of tools has exploded. There are strong links between geography and the sciences of [[geology]] and [[botany]].
-
-'''Regional Science'''
-
-In the [[1950s]] the [[regional science]] movement arose, led by [[Walter Isard]] to provide a more quantitative and analytical base to geographical questions, in contrast to the more qualitative tendencies of traditional geography programs. Regional Science comprises the body of knowledge in which the spatial dimension plays a fundamental role, such as [[regional economics]], [[resource management]], [[location theory]], [[urban planning|urban]] and [[regional planning]], [[transportation]] and [[communication]], [[human geography]], [[population distribution]] and environmental quality.
-
+++ /dev/null
-'''Handicraft''', also known as '''craftwork''' or simply '''craft''', is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion, such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by [[mass production]] or machines are not handicrafts.
-
-Usually, what distinguishes the term '''handicraft''' from the frequently used category [[Arts and Crafts]] is a matter of intent: handicrafted items are intended to be used, worn, etcetera, having a purpose beyond simple decoration. Handicrafts are generally considered more traditional work, created as a necessary part of daily life, whilst "Arts and Crafts" implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection of a creative technique. In practical terms, the categories have a great deal of overlap.
-
-Handicrafts include:
-* [[assemblage]] - collage in three dimensions
-* [[beadwork]]
-* [[collage]] possibly involving seeds, fabric, paper, photographs and/or found objects
-* [[cooking]]
-* [[gardening]]
-* [[marquetry]]
-* [[metalwork]]
-* [[needlework]]
-** [[cross-stitch]]
-** [[embroidery]]
-** [[quilting]]
-** [[patchwork]]
-** [[crochet]]
-** [[knitting]]
-** [[tatting]]
-* [[pottery]] and [[ceramics]]
-* [[spinning]]
-* [[woodworking]]
-** [[chip carving]]
-** [[wood burning]]
-
-See also [[Arts and crafts]].
-
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-== MMM 2==
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+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Gesundheit]][[eo:Sansciencoj]][[nl:Gezondheidszorg]][[pl:Medycyna]]
-The disipline of '''health science''' includes not only traditional [[first aid]], [[triage]], [[medicine]] and [[surgery]], but also [[dentistry]], [[psychiatry]], [[disease]] and [[counselling]], [[veterinary science]], [[nursing]], [[therapy/Physical|physical therapy]] and other kinds of [[therapy]], like [[therapy/Occupational|occupational therapy]], [[therapy/Speech-Language|speech-language therapy]], [[therapy/Respiratory|respiratory therapy]] and [[therapy/Recreational|recreational therapy]], as well as [[midwifery]], [[hospice care]], [[home care]], [[nutrition]], and [[alternative medicine]], [[pharmacology]], [[toxicology]].
-----
-We might distinguish among the health sciences between those which merely analyze a field or diagnose a problem; and those which also present a specific treatment for that problem.
-See also:
-*[http://www.HavenWorks.com/health Health News and Links:] http://www.HavenWorks.com/health
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[dk:Historie]][[de:Geschichte]][[eo:Historio]][[fr:Histoire]][[pl:Historia]][[pt:História]][[nl:Geschiedenis]]
-'''History''' is often used as a generic term for information about the past, e.g., as in "geologic history of the Earth". When used as a field of study, history refers to human history, which is the recorded past of human societies.
-
-The term "history" comes from the Greek ''historia'', "an account of one's inquiries", and shares that [[etymology]] with the English word "story".
-
-Historians use many types of sources, including written or printed records, interviews ([[oral history]]), and [[archaeology]]. Different approaches may be more common in some periods than others, and the study of history has its fads and fashions (see [[historiography]], the history of history). The events that occurred prior to human records are known as [[prehistory]].
-
-There is a very large amount of historical information available in Wikipedia, and several different ways of classifying it are given below.
-
-History classified by location:
-
-* [[History of Africa|Africa]]
-* [[History of the Americas|Americas]]
-* [[History of Asia|Asia]]
-* [[History of Europe|Europe]]
-* [[History of Oceania|Oceania]]
-* [[History of Antarctica|Antarctica]]
-
-----
-
-History classified by date:
-
-* [[Millennia]]
-* [[Centuries]]
-* [[Decades]]
-* [[Year in Review]]
-* [[Periodization]]
-* [[List of timelines]]
-----
-
-Miscellaneous classifications, not necessarily part of academic history studies:
-
-* [[History of present-day nations and states]]
-* [[Extinct_countries,_empires,_etc.|History of extinct nations and states]]
-* [[Economic history]]
-* [[Military history]]
-* [[Diaspora studies]]
-
-* [[Biography|History of individuals]] (biography)
-
-* [[History of mathematics]]
-* [[History of philosophy]]
-* [[History of science and technology]]
-* [[History of medicine]]
-* [[History of economic thought]]
-
-* [[History of religions]]
-* [[Cultural movement]]s
-* [[History of art]]
-* [[History of literature]]
-* [[History of theater]]
-* [[Film history]]
-* [[Intellectual history]]
-* [[Psychohistory]]
-
-----
-
-A typical acedemic classification:
-
-* [[Prehistory]]
-* [[Ancient history]]
-* [[East Asian history]]
-* [[Pre-Columbian history of the Americas]]
-* [[Medieval European history]]
-* [[Islamic history]]
-* [[South Asian history]]
-* [[African history]]
-* [[Russian history]]
-* [[Byzantine history]]
-* [[Southeast Asian history]]
-* [[Latin American history]]
-* [[Anglo-American history]]
-* [[Jewish history]]
-* [[Nordic history]]
-* [[Central Asian history]]
-* [[Iranian history]]
-* [[History of Australasia]] (Australia, New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia)
-
-----
-
-You may also want to see [[dubious historical resources]] and [[historical myths]] for a list of false beliefs and histories which were once or are now popular and widespread, but which are proven to be false or dubious.
-
-----
-See also [[Archaeology]], [[Historian]].
-
-A guideline for contributions to Wikipedia in the field of history can be found at [[Wikipedia History standards]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Historio de Scienco kaj Teknologio]]
-The '''history of science and technology''' (HST) is a field of [[history]] which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world has changed over the millennia, and how this understanding has allowed us to generate technologies which have modified that world. Sayings such as, "Water runs downhill" are attempts to formulate rules that describe the workings of nature.
-
-From the philosophers of ancient times to the 21st century, science and technology advanced in fits and starts, bringing an ever-more comprehensive view of the world. Discoveries such as those of [[natural selection]], the structure of [[gene]]s and [[DNA]], and within [[psychology]] have radically altered how we humans see ourselves, often conflicting with [[religion|religious]] views.
-New technologies let us visit other planets, travel faster than sound, and kill each other with greater efficiency.
-
-HST aims to understand how [[science]] and [[technology]] progress and how we form theories by studying the lessons of the past, while also exploring the socio-political and cultural environment within which scientists and technologists work.
-
-==== Challenge to orthodoxy ====
-A minor but persistent theme in the history of science and technology has been the poor reception often given to men who espouse ideas contrary to the prevailing orthodoxy. The story of [[Galileo]] is a case in point. Other natural philosophers and astronomers, especially in Italy, were loathe to "check" their theories by looking through the newly-invented telescope. Even in modern times, with the near-univeral acceptance of the [[scientific method]] and huge research budgets from government, academia and industry, unpopular or offensive ideas are often given short shrift.
-
-There is controversy over what the lesson of the Galileo story is. While some see Galileo's saga as an example of the arrogance of authority, others argue that today's rejection of such ideas can not be directly compared with examples such as Galileo. Theories which do follow the the principles of science closely, as Galileo did, are generally accepted however surprising they may be, whereas ideas that make yet unproven and seemingly unjustified assumptions are termed pseudoscience.
-
-==== Contribution to knowledge ====
-
-Be that as it may, after a lapse of time even the most unpopular idea can become the new orthodoxy, if proven satisfactorily. The germ theory of disease has become so prevalent that [[pasteurization]] and [[Listerine]] are household words, even if [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Joseph Lister]] are no longer remembered.
-
-
-==== Major areas/Sub-fields ====
-
-=== [[Science]] ===
-*Life Sciences
-**[[Biology]]
-***[[History of anatomy]]
-***[[Theory of evolution]]
-****[[Charles Darwin]] and the [[Origin of Species]]
-***[[Genetics]]
-****[[DNA]]
-**[[Paleontology]]
-**[[Biochemistry]]
-*Physical Science
-**[[Chemistry]]
-**[[Physics]]
-**[[History of astronomy]]
-**[[Geology]] and [[Earth science]]
-
-*[[Mathematics]] and [[Statistics]]
-*[[Philosophy]] and [[Logic]]
-
-=== [[Social science]] ===
-* [[Anthropology]]
-* [[Archaeology]]
-* [[Economics]], [[business]] and [[industry]]
-* [[Industrial organization]] and [[labor]]
-* [[Geography]]
-* [[Language]] and [[Linguistics]]
-* [[Political science]]
-* [[Psychology]]
-* [[Sociology]]
-
-=== [[Technology]] ===
-
-* [[Civil engineering]]
-** [[Architecture]] and building construction
-** [[Bridge]]s, [[harbor]]s, [[tunnel]]s, [[dam]]s
-** [[Surveying]], instruments and [[map]]s, [[cartography]], urban engineering, [[water]] supply and [[sewer]]age
-* [[Transport]]ation
-* [[Energy]] conversion
-* [[Material]]s and processing
-** [[Metal]]s, [[mining]], [[metallurgy]]
-***[[History of the Petroleum Industry]]
-***[[gas]]
-***[[coal]]
-***[[rubber]]
-***[[plastic]]
-***[[ceramics]]
-***[[glass]]
-***[[cement]]
-***[[stone]]
-***[[salt]]
-***[[paper]]
-***[[lumber]]
-***[[textiles]]
-***[[leather]]
-***[[bone]]
-
-* [[Electricity]]
-**[[Light bulb]]
-**[[Electronics]]; mechanical and electro-mechanical technology
-**[[Refrigeration]]
-
-*[[Communication]]s
-**[[Television]]
-**[[Cable TV]]
-**[[History of radio]]
-**[[Library and information science]]
-**[[History of computers]]
-
-* [[Health science]]
-* [[History of medicine]]
-* [[Biotechnology]]
-* [[Agriculture]]
-* [[Family and consumer science]]
-
-* [[Military technology]]
-
-=== General Science and Technology ===
-*[[Biography]] of [[inventor]]s, [[explorers]], and [[scientist]]s
-* [[Scientists and inventors]]
-* [[List of timelines|Timelines]] of Science and Technology
-* Technical societies, technical education
-* Economic, political, and social history
-* General relationships between technology and culture; philosophy of technology
-
-* [[Historiography]] of Science and Technology
-** [[Kranzberg's Laws of Technology]]
-
-* Historians of Science and Technology:
-** [[Thomas P. Hughes]]
-** [[Arne Kaijser]]
-** [[Thomas Kuhn]]
-
-----
-As History of X articles are written, please add them above, redirecting away from broader article.
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Hobioj]][[nl:Hobby]]
-A '''hobby''' is a spare-time pursuit (see [[recreation]]) practiced for interest and enjoyment rather than as paid work. Examples include collecting, making, tinkering, sports and adult education. Engaging in a hobby can lead to acquiring substantial skill, knowledge, and experience.
-But personal fulfillment is the aim.
-
-What are hobbies for some people are professions for others: a computer game tester may enjoy cooking as a hobby, while a professional chef might enjoy playing (and helping to debug) computer games. Generally speaking, the person who does something for fun, not remuneration, is called an ''amateur'' (or ''hobbyist''), as distinct from ''[[profession|professional]].''
-
-An important determinant of what is considered a hobby, as distinct from a profession, is probably how easy it is to make a living at the activity. Almost no one can make a living at [[stamp collecting]], but many people find it enjoyable; so it is commonly regarded as a hobby.
-
-While some hobbies strike most people as trivial and boring, the hobbyist has found something compelling and entertaining about them. Much early scientific research was, in effect, a hobby of the wealthy; in our own time, [[Linux]] began as a student's hobby.
-
-Pursuit of a hobby often has calming or helpful therapeutic side effects.
-
-Hobbies include:
-* [[Amateur astronomy]]
-* [[Amateur radio]]
-* [[Animal]]
-** [[Dog breeding]]
-**Keeping [[pet]] animals
-
-* [[Arts and Crafts]]
-** Drawing
-** Sculpture
-** Painting
-
-* [[Automotive]]
-** [Antique]
-** [Trucks]
-** [Motorcycles]
-
-* [[Collecting]] (stamps, books, postcards, antique automobiles etc.)
-
-* [[Computer programming]]
-** [[Linux]]
-** [[Open source]]
-** [[Free software movement]]
-
-* [[Cooking]]
-* [[Electronics]]
-** [[amateur radio]]
-
-* [[DIY]]
-
-* [[Game]]s
-** [[Miniature wargaming]]
-** [[Wargaming]]
-** [[Role-playing game]]s
-** [[Jigsaw puzzle]]
-** [[Crossword puzzle]]s
-** [[Chess]]
-
-* [[Gardening]]
-* [[Genealogy]]
-* [[Historical reenactment]]
-
-*[[Literature]]
-**Reading
-**Writing
-**Learning foreign languages
-
-* Machining
-
-* [[Model-building]]
-** [[Model airplane]]s
-** [[Model car]]s
-** [[Model house]]s
-** [[Model ship]]s
-** [[Model railway]]s
-** [[Model rocket]]s
-** [[Flying Kites]]
-
-* [[Music-making]]
-** [[Musical composition]]
-** [[MIDI compostion]]
-
-* [[Observation]]
-** [[Aircraft spotting]]
-** [[Bird watching]]
-** [[Butterfly watching]]
-** [[Trainspotting]]
-* [[Sport]]s
-
-* [[Restoration of highly entropic artifacts]]
-* [[Wikipedian Participation]]
-* [[Walking]]
-
-'''Please add to this list'''
-
+++ /dev/null
-Wiki internal links test:
-
-(1) [[Mathematics]]
-
-(2) [[Non-existing article]]
-
-(3) [[Cooking|Burning]]
-
-(4) [[User:Fred|Fred]]
-
-(5) [[Talk:Language]]
-
-(6) [[image:foo.png]]
-
-(7) [[media:bar.ogg]]
-
-(8) [[de:German|German article]]
-
-(9) [[image:bar.jpg|Alt text]]
-
-(10) [[Game]]s
-
-Need to add some more tests of interwiki links here...
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Lingvo]][[fr:Langue]][[nl:Taal]][[pl:J%EAzyk]]
-'''Languages''' are ways to represent things, actions, and ideas. Most often, the term refers to vocal languages, the languages [[human]]s or [[animals]] create through vocal sounds in meaningful patterns. Animal languages can be quite complex; but among the animals, humans alone have a [[literature]], a body of written or oral language.
-
-[[Mathematics]] and [[computer science]] use artificial languages called [[formal language]]s, (including [[programming language]]s).
-
-The study of languages makes up [[linguistics]] and [[philology]]. Other important concepts:
-
-* [[Philosophy of language]]
-* [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]
-* [[Orthography]]
-* [[Psycholinguistics]]
-* [[Semantics]]
-* [[Naming]]
-* [[Phonology]]
-* [[Speech therapy]]
-* [[Profanity]]
-* [[Philology|Historical Linguistics or Philology]]
-
-List of [[language families and languages]]:
-
-A useful listing of 4000 languages and dialects (grouped by their relationships), with the numbers one through ten in each language can be found at [[Mark Rosenfelder]]'s Metaverse website (see external links).
-
-A fairly complete list of all languages, locations, population, and genetic affiliation can be found in the [[Ethnologue]].
-
-See also [[Common phrases in different languages]], [[Tongue twister]].
-
-----
-'''External links:'''
-* [http://www.zompist.com/ Mark Rosenfelder's Metaverse]
-* [http://www.geocities.com/agihard/mohl/mohl_languages.html Museum of Languages]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Rechtswissenschaft]][[eo:Juro]][[es:Derecho]][[fr:Droit]][[nl:Recht]][[pl:Prawo]]
-'''Law''' concerns the set of rules a [[society]] adopts to regulate behavior, to order life in its territory and to resolve disputes.
-
-Each [[jurisdiction]] has its own laws; but laws are often quite similar, arising from similar values and similar social, economic and political conditions.
-
-There are several distinct legal traditions; these differ less in the substantive content of the law than in their [[jargon]] and procedures.
-
-The several different levels of [[government]] each produce their own laws (though the extent to which law is centralized varies); thus at any one place there can be laws in force established at the local, regional, state, national or international levels.
-
-== Legal systems ==
-
-[[Common law]] -- [[civil law]] -- [[Roman law]] -- [[international law]] -- [[European community law]] -- [[socialist law]] -- [[Canon law]]
-
-== Legal subject areas ==
-
-[[Constitutional law]] -- [[Criminal law]] -- [[Civil law]] -- [[Administrative law]] -- [[Evidence|Law of Evidence]] _ [[Procedural law]] -- [[Private law]] -- [[Family law]] -- [[Labor law]] -- [[Corporations law]] -- [[Property law]] -- [[Human rights law]] -- [[Intellectual Property law]] -- [[Environmental law]] -- [[Land use]] -- [[consuetudinary law]]
-
-== Law of particular countries ==
-
-*[[United Kingdom]]: [[British Nationality Law]], [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], [[House of Lords]], [[Human Rights Act 1998]]
-*[[United States]]: [[US Constitutional Law]], [[United States Constitution]], [[False Claims Law]], [[Controlled Substances Act]], [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]], [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]]
-*[[Australia]]: [[Australian Constitutional History]]
-
-== Subjects Auxillary to Law ==
-
-[[Jurisprudence]] -- [[Practice of law]] -- [[philosophy of law]] -- [[comparative law]] -- [[legal history]] -- [[law and literature]] -- [[dispute resolution]] (aka, [[alternative dispute resolution]])
-
-== Other ==
-(To be arranged into the above categories)
-
-* [[abandonment]]
-* [[abatement]]
-* [[abduction]]
-* [[acquittal]]
-* [[adversary system]]
-* [[affidavit]]
-* [[age of consent]]
-* [[allocute]]
-* [[animus nocendi]]
-* [[answer]]
-* [[appeal]]
-* [[appellate court]]
-* [[at bar]]
-* [[bar]]
-* [[barratry]]
-* [[black letter law]]
-* [[blue law]]
-* [[brocard]]
-* [[case law]]
-* [[cause of action]]
-* [[civil law]]
-* [[class action]]
-* [[common law]]
-* [[constitution]]
-* [[contract]]
-* [[contempt of court]]
-* [[copyright]]
-* [[Corpus Juris Civilis]]
-* [[corroborating evidence]]
-* [[Court of Appeals]]
-* [[criminal law]]
-* [[cross-examination]]
-* [[damages]]
-* [[defendant]]
-* [[deponent]]
-* [[depose]]
-* [[deposition]]
-* [[direct examination]]
-* [[disbarment]]
-* [[double jeopardy]]
-* [[environmental agreements]]
-* [[expert witness]]
-* [[family law]]
-* [[False Claims Law|false claims law]]
-* [[felony]]
-* [[fifth amendment rights of witness]]
-* [[fraud]]
-* [[frivolous lawsuit]]
-* [[good faith]] (''bona fide'')
-* [[grand jury]]
-* [[guilt]]
-* [[hostile witness]]
-* [[immunity]]
-* [[incest]]
-* [[indictment]]
-* [[inquest]]
-* [[intellectual property]]
-* [[judicial economy]]
-* [[jurisdiction]]
-* [[jurisprudence]]
-* [[jurist]]
-* [[jury instructions]]
-* [[jury trial]]
-* [[jus sanguinis]]
-* [[jus soli]]
-* [[justice]]
-* [[laches]]
-* [[lawyer]]
-* [[leading question]]
-* [[legal aspects of transsexualism]]
-* [[legal technicality]]
-* [[Lettre de cachet]]
-* [[litigant]]
-* [[loss of consortium]]
-* [[malpractice]]
-* [[mens rea]]
-* [[misdemeanor]]
-* [[motion]]
-* [[Napoleonic Code]]
-* [[nationality]]
-* [[negligence per se]]
-* [[negligence]]
-* [[non-disclosure agreement]]
-* [[notary public]]
-* [[notitia criminis]]
-* [[Oral law]]
-* [[patent]]
-* [[personal property]]
-* [[philosophy of law]]
-* [[plaintiff]]
-* [[plea bargain]]
-* [[plea of nolo contendere]]
-* [[plea of temporary insanity]]
-* [[plea]]
-* [[precedent]]
-* [[prima facie]]
-* [[product liability]]
-* [[property]]
-* [[proximate cause]]
-* [[False Claims Law|qui tam]]
-* [[real property]]
-* [[rebuttal]]
-* [[redirect examination]]
-* [[remedy]]
-* [[res ipsa loquitur]]
-* [[reus]]
-* [[reversible error]]
-* [[sanctions]]
-* [[senatusconsultus]]
-* [[sentence]]
-* [[sodomy law]]
-* [[standing]]
-* [[statute of limitations]]
-* [[statute]]
-* [[statutory law]]
-* [[SLAPP|Strategic lawsuits agains public participation]]
-* [[strike from the record]]
-* [[Supreme court]]
-* [[tax law]]
-* [[terrorism]]
-* [[time constraints]]
-* [[tort]]
-* [[trade secret]]
-* [[trademark]]
-* [[trial de novo]]
-* [[Unidroit]]
-* [[usucaption]]
-* [[usufruct]]
-* [[vexatious litigation]]
-* [[voluntas necandi]]
-* [[will]]
-* [[with prejudice]]
-* [[witness]]
-* [[writ of certiorari]]
-* [[writ of mandamus]]
-* [[Habeas corpus|writ of habeas corpus]]
-
-Legal books:
-* [[Black's Law Dictionary]]
-* [[Halsbury's Statutes]]
-
-See also [[Crime]].
-*[http://www.HavenWorks.com/law Law & Legal News & Reference:] http://www.HavenWorks.com/law
-----
-
-Not quite law: [[Law of nature]] -- [[Murphy's law]] -- [[Finagle's law]] -- [[Hanlon's Razor]] -- [[Sturgeon's law]] -- [[Parkinson's law]] -- [[Occam's razor]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:Bibliotheekwezen]]
-'''Library and information science''' (LIS) (as distinct from [[information theory]]) is the "study of stuff having to do with [[library|libraries]]". Strictly speaking, LIS consists of academic studies (most often surveys) about how library resources are used and how people interact with library systems. These studies tend to be specific to certain libraries at certain times. Generally speaking, LIS is about the organization of knowledge for retrieval of relevant information.
-
-Library Science is distinct from Librarianship, which is the practical ''service'' rendered by librarians in their day-to-day attempt to meet the needs of library patrons. Librarianship tends not to generate new knowledge, nor to strive to advance any field or discipline. Librarians only rarely engage in Library Science, and then usually outside their jobs as librarians. But the study of Library Science is part of the requisite training of librarians. "Information" and "documentation" means non-[[book]] stuff that university libraries deal with, such as magazines, scientific journals, technical reports, and access to online databases.
-
-The term "Library and Information Science" should not be broken into these separate pieces. Library and Information Science is a hybrid academic field that grew from library schools' fight for survival in the electronic age. The politics of academia, issues of status and prestige, issues of perceived obsolescence and other forces created these programs. Programs in Library and Information Science are interdisciplinary, overlapping with the fields of systems' analysis, [[computer science]], [[statistics]] and various parts of the [[social sciences]].
-
-The field of Library and Information Science is not defined by its output of information specialists, but by the "information specialists" who remain in academia teaching and doing research, by its literature, its journals and all the other ways in which an academic discipline is defined, the study of which, by the way, falls within the scope of Library and Information Science!
-
-Basic topics in Library science include the acquisition, [[library classification|classification]] and preservation of Library materials. In a more present-day view, a fervent outgrowth of library science is information architecture.
-
-Important LIS institutions and resources:
-* Indiana University SLIS, http://www.slis.indiana.edu/
-* Syracuse University School of Information Studies, http://istweb.syr.edu/
-* [[University of Michigan]] School of Information, http://www.si.umich.edu/
-* University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences, http://www2.sis.pitt.edu/
-* University of Washington Information School, http://www.ischool.washington.edu/
-* University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Information and Library Science, http://www.ils.unc.edu/
-
-* OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), http://www.oclc.org/
-* American Library Association, http://www.ala.org/
-* Canadian Library Association, http://www.cla.ca/
-* Australian Library and Information Association, http://www.alia.org.au/
-* American Society for Information Science and Technology, http://www.asis.org/
-
-Some current LIS issues:
-* [[information explosion]]
-* [[information retrieval]]
-* knowledge management
-* reference sources
-* information storage
-* [[slow fires]]
-* [[mass deacidification]]
-* [[information architecture]]
-
-See also:
-*[http://www.LISNews.com Library and Information Science News ;-)] http://www.LISNews.com
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Linguistik]]
-[[eo:Lingvistiko]]
-[[fr:Linguistique]]
-[[nl:Taalkunde]]
-[[pl:Lingwistyka]]
-
-'''Linguistics''' is the study of [[language]]. One who engages in this study is called a [[linguist]].
-
-Note that, at least in the United States, those who identify themselves as linguists tend to use the term "linguistics" to refer to a fairly technical subset of language study. "Linguistics", for them, does not include learning to speak foreign languages (except insofar as this helps to perform more technical analysis) or to literary analysis, for example. Nor is linguistics usually meant to include such proscriptive efforts as found in Strunk and White's ''The Elements of Style''; linguistics usually seeks to study what people do, not what they ''should'' do.
-
-----
-Research areas of linguistics:
-
-[[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[syntax]], [[semantics]], [[pragmatics]], [[etymology]], [[lexicology]], [[lexicography]], [[theoretical linguistics]], [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[descriptive linguistics]], [[pragmatics]], [[etymology]], [[computational linguistics]], [[corpus linguistics]], [[semiotics]].
-
-----
-Inter-disciplinary linguistic research:
-
-[[historical linguistics]], [[Orthography]], [[Writing Systems]], [[comparative linguistics]], [[cryptanalysis]], [[decipherment]], [[sociolinguistics]], [[psycholinguistics]], [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], [[stratificational linguistics]], [[cognitive science]], [[neurolinguistics]], automated [[speech recognition|speech]] and [[speaker recognition]], or more generally, [[speech processing]]
-
-----
-
-Linguists generally see language as having several [[linguistics layers]], and assume that all natural languages have the same number of layers.
-
-
-A speaker of English recognizes that "make" is a different word from "makes", so the s-suffix is a distinct morpheme. This example also illustrates the two kinds of morphemes, unbound (which are meaningful on their own) and bound (which have meaning when combined with another morpheme). Thus, the word "schoolyard" consists of two unbound morphemes ("school" and "yard"), while the word "morpheme" consists, or traditionally consisted, of two bound morphemes ("morph" and "eme"). As the example of "morpheme" reveals, bounded morphemes may become unbounded: "morph" has been adopted in linguistics for the phonological realization of a morpheme, and the verb "morph" was coined to describe a type of visual effect done with computers.
-
-
-A morpheme may have different realizations (morphs) in different contexts. For example, the verb morpheme "do" of English has three quite distinct pronunciations in the words "do", "does", (with suffix "-s"), and "don't" (with "-n't"). Such alternating morphs of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.
-
-Patterns of combinations of words of a language are known as [[syntax]]. The term grammar usually covers syntax plus [[Morphology in linguistics |morphology]], the study of word formation.
-
-[[Semantics]] is the study of the meanings of words and of syntactic constructions.
-
-
-[[Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky's]] formal model of language, [[transformational-generative grammar]], developed under the influence of his teacher [[Zellig Harris]], who was in turn strongly influenced by Bloomfield, has been the dominant one from the [[1960s]].
-* [[Transformational-generative grammar]]
-
-* [[cognitive linguistics]]
-
-A few of the important figures in this movement are [[Michael Halliday]], whose [[systemic-functional grammar]] is pursued widely in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[China]], and [[Japan]]; [[Dell Hymes]], who developed a pragmatic approach called The Ethnography of Speaking; [[George Lakoff]], [[Len Talmy]], and [[Ronald Langacker]], who were pioneers in cognitive linguistics; [[Charles Fillmore]] and [[Adele Goldberg]], who are associated with [[construction grammar]]; and linguists developing several varieties of what they call functional grammar, including [[Talmy Givon]] and [[Robert Van Valin, Jr.]]
-
-One speaks also of [[philology]].
-
-Representation of speech:
-
-* [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), a system used to write down and reproduce the sounds of human speech.
-* [[SAMPA]], an [[ASCII]]-only transcription for the IPA used by some authors. See also http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/home.htm
-
-----
-See also: [[famous linguists]], [[history of linguistics]], [[linguist]], [[structuralism]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Literatur]][[eo:Literaturo]][[fr:Littérature]][[nl:Literatuur]][[pl:Literatura]][[pt:Literatura]][[es:literatura]]
-'''Literature''' is literally "an acquaintance with letters" (as in the first sense given in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]]), but has generally come to identify a collection of [[text]]s. Nations can have literatures, as can corporations, philosophical schools or historical periods. It is commonly held that a literature of a nation, for example, is the collection of texts which make it a whole nation. The [[Hebrew]] [[Bible]], [[Beowulf]], the [[Iliad]] and the [[Odyssey]] and the [[American]] [[Constitution]] all fall within this definition of a kind of literature. More generally, a literature is equated with a collection of stories, poems and plays that revolve around a particular topic. In this case, the stories, poems and plays may or may not have nationalistic implications. The [[Western Canon]] is one such literature.
-
-Classifying a specific item as being part of a literature (be it [[American literature]], advertising literature, [[gay and lesbian literature]] or [[Roman literature]]) is very difficult. To some people, "literature" can be broadly applied to any symbolic record which can include images, [[sculpture]]s, as well as letters. To others, a literature must only include examples of text composed of letters, or other narrowly defined examples of symbolic written language ([[hieroglyph]]s, for example). Even more conservative interpreters of the concept would demand that the text have a physical form, usually on paper or some other portable form, to the exclusion of inscriptions or digital media.
-
-Frequently, these boundaries are crossed by the texts that make up literature. Illustrated stories, [[hypertext]]s, cave paintings and inscribed monuments have all at one time or another pressed the boundaries of what is and is not literature.
-
-=== Forms of literature ===
-A [[short story]] is prose writing of less than 20,000 words (and usually more than 500 words) which may or may not have a narrative arc. If a fiction story is more than 20,000 (appox.) words it is called a [[novella]]. Beyond that, say into the 50,000 (approx.) word range and above, a fiction text is called a [[novel]].
-
-An [[essay]] is a discussion of a topic from an author's personal point of view. A [[memoir]] is the story of an author's life from his personal point of view. An [[epistle]] is reserved for formal, didactic, or elegant [[letter]]s.
-
-[[Comic]]s are generally illustrated pictures with explanatory text added for character lines and story commentary.
-
-A [[poem]] is a metrical composition; a composition in verse written in certain measures, whether in blank verse or in rhyme, and characterized by imagination and poetic diction.
-
-A [[play]] is a common literary form comprised chiefly of dialog between characters, usually intendeded for [[theatre]] performance rather than reading.
-
-=== Genres of literature ===
-:[[Alternate history]]
-:[[Autobiography]]
-:[[Bildungsroman]]
-:[[Biography]]
-:[[Children's literature]]
-:[[Constrained writing]]
-:[[diary|Diaries and Journals]]
-: FICTION:
-:[[Detective fiction|Detective]]
-:[[Family Saga]]
-:[[Fantasy fiction|Fantasy]]
-:[[Gothic Literature|Gothic]]
-:[[Historic fiction|Historic]]
-:[[Horror fiction|Horror]]
-:[[Legal Drama]]
-:[[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
-:[[Romance fiction|Romance]]
-:[[Satire]]
-:[[Science fiction]]
-:The [[Slave narrative]]
-:[[Spy/political]]
-:[[Western]]
-
-=== Literary techniques ===
-:[[Epistolary novel]]
-:[[First-person narrative]]
-:[[Omniscient narrator]]
-:[[Story within a story]]
-:[[Flashback]]
-:[[Fictional guidebook]]
-:[[False document]]
-:[[Lipogram]]
-
-=== Literary figures ===
-:[[Critic]]s
-:[[Dramatist]]s
-:[[Essayist]]s
-:[[Journalist]]
-:[[Novelist]]s
-:[[Poet]]s
-:[[Short story author]]s
-
-'''Literary movements'''
-
-Also see [[Cultural movement]] for literary movements.
-
-See also:
-*[http://www.HavenWorks.com/books Free Books & Book Reviews Online:] http://www.HavenWorks.com/books
-
+++ /dev/null
-Wiki magic links test:
-
-(1) ISBN 1234567890
-
-(2) RFC 2822
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[en:Main Page]] [[eo:Hejmpagxo]] [[es:Portada]] [[fr:HomePage]] [[it:HomePage]] [[nl:Hoofdpagina]] [[pl:Polska Wikipedia]] [[pt:HomePage]]
-== Testing ... ==
-
-This is a test site for Wiki software.
-The real Wikipedia is at http://www.wikipedia.org .
-
-----
-
-:'''Philosophy, Mathematics, and Natural Science'''
-:[[Astronomy and astrophysics]] - [[Biology]] - [[Chemistry]] - [[Earth science]] - [[Mathematics]] - [[Philosophy]] - [[Physics]] - [[Statistics]]
-
-:'''Social Sciences'''
-:[[Anthropology]] - [[Archaeology]] - [[Economics]] - [[Geography]] - [[History]] - [[History of science and technology]] - [[Language]] - [[Linguistics]] - [[Political science]] - [[Psychology]] - [[Sociology]]
-
-:'''Applied Arts and Sciences'''
-:[[Agriculture]] - [[Architecture]] - [[Business and industry]] - [[Communication]] - [[Computer science|Computer Science]] - [[Education]] - [[Engineering]] - [[Family and consumer science]] - [[Health science]] - [[Law]] - [[Library and information science]] - [[Public affairs]] - [[Technology]] - [[Transport]]
-
-:'''Culture'''
-:[[Classics]] - [[Cooking]] - [[Critical theory]] - [[Dance]] - [[Entertainment]] - [[Film]] - [[Game]]s - [[Handicraft]] - [[Hobby|Hobbies]] - [[Literature]] - [[Music]] - [[Opera]] - [[Painting]] - [[Recreation]] - [[Religion]] - [[Sculpture]] - [[Sport]]s - [[Theater]] - [[Tourism]] - [[Visual arts and design]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Mathematik]][[eo:Matematiko]][[fr:Mathématiques]][[nl:Wiskunde]][[no:Matematikk]][[pl:Matematyka]][[pt:Matemática]][[sh:Matematika]][[sl:Matematika]]
-'''Mathematics''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''mathema'': science, learning; ''mathematikos'': fond of learning) is the study of patterns of quantity, structure, change and space. In the modern view, it is the investigation of [[axiom]]atically defined abstract structures using formal [[symbolic logic|logic]] as the common framework. The specific structures investigated often have their origin in the natural sciences, most commonly in [[physics]], but mathematicians also define and investigate structures for reasons purely internal to mathematics, for instance because they realize that the structure provides a unifying generalization for several subfields or a helpful tool in common calculations.
-
-Historically, mathematics arose out of the need to do calculations in commerce, to measure land and to predict astronomical events. These three needs can be roughly related to the broad subdivision of mathematics into the study of structure, space and change.
-
-The study of structure starts with [[number]]s, initially the familiar [[natural number]]s and [[integer]]s. The rules governing arithmetical operations are recorded in [[elementary algebra]], and the deeper properties of whole numbers are studied in [[number theory]]. The investigation of methods to solve equations leads to the field of [[abstract algebra]], which, among other things, studies [[ring (algebra)|rings]] and [[field]]s, structures that generalize the properties possessed by the familiar numbers. The physically important concept of [[vector]], generalized to [[vector space]]s and studied in [[linear algebra]], belongs to the two branches of structure and space.
-
-The study of space originates with [[geometry]], first the [[Euclidean geometry]] and [[trigonometry]] of familiar three-dimensional space, but later also generalized to [[Non-euclidean geometry|non-Euclidean geometries]] which play a central role in [[general relativity]]. The modern fields of [[differential geometry]] and [[algebraic geometry]] generalize geometry in different directions: differential geometry emphasizes the concepts of coordinate system, smoothness and direction, while in algebraic geometry geometrical objects are described as solution sets of equations. [[Mathematical group|Group theory]] investigates the concept of symmetry abstractly and provides a link between the studies of space and structure. [[Topology]] connects the study of space and the study of change by focusing on the concept of [[continuous|continuity]].
-
-Understanding and describing the change in measurable quantities is the central topic of the natural sciences, and [[calculus]] was developed as a most useful tool for doing just that. The central concept used to describe a changing variable is that of a [[function]]. Many problems lead quite naturally to relations between a quantity and its rate of change, and the methods to solve these are studied in the field of [[differential equations]]. The numbers used to represent continuous quantities are the [[real numbers]], and the detailed study of their properties and the properties of real-valued functions is known as [[real analysis]]. For several reasons, it is convenient to generalise to the [[complex number]]s which are studied in [[complex analysis]]. [[Functional analysis]] focuses attention on (typically infinite-dimensional) spaces of functions, laying the groundwork for [[quantum mechanics]] among many other things.
-
-In order to clarify and investigate the foundations of mathematics, the fields of [[set theory]], [[mathematical logic]] and [[model theory]] were developed.
-
-When [[computer]]s were first conceived, several surrounding theoretical questions were tackled by mathematicians, leading to the fields of [[computability theory]], [[computational complexity theory]], [[information theory]] and [[algorithmic information theory]]. Many of these questions are now investigated in theoretical [[computer science]].
-
-Computers also aided the new field of [[chaos theory]], which deals with the fact that many [[dynamical systems]] in nature obey laws that cause their behaviour to become unpredictable in practice, though deterministic in theory.
-Chaos theory is closely related to [[fractal]] geometry.
-
-An important field in applied mathematics is [[probability and statistics]], which allows the description, analysis and prediction of random phenomena and is used in all sciences. [[Numerical analysis]] investigates the methods for performing calculations on computers and [[discrete mathematics]] is the common name for those fields of mathematics useful in computer science.
-
-This following list of subfields and topics reflects one organizational view of mathematics:
-
-:'''Quantity'''
-:[[Number]]s -- [[Natural number]]s -- [[Integer]]s -- [[Rational number]]s -- [[Real number]]s -- [[Complex number]]s -- [[Quaternion]]s -- [[Octonion]]s -- [[Sedenion]]s -- [[Hyperreal number]]s -- [[Surreal number]]s -- [[Ordinal number]]s -- [[Cardinal number]]s -- [[p-adic number]]s -- [[Integer sequence]]s -- [[Mathematical constant]]s -- [[Number names]] -- [[Infinity]]
-
-:'''Change'''
-:[[Calculus]] -- [[Vector Calculus|Vector calculus]] -- [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] -- [[Differential equation]] -- [[Dynamical systems and chaos theory]] -- [[List of functions]]
-
-:'''Structure'''
-:[[Abstract algebra]] -- [[Number theory]] -- [[Algebraic geometry]] -- [[Mathematical group|Group theory]] -- [[Monoid]]s -- [[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] -- [[Topology]] -- [[Linear algebra]] -- [[Graph theory]] -- [[Universal algebra]] -- [[Category theory]]
-
-:'''Space'''
-:[[Topology]] -- [[Geometry]] -- [[Trigonometry]] -- [[Algebraic geometry]] -- [[Differential geometry]] -- [[Differential topology]] -- [[Algebraic topology]] -- [[Linear algebra]]
-
-:'''[[Discrete mathematics|Finite Mathematics]]'''
-:[[Combinatorics]] -- [[Basic set theory]] -- [[Probability and statistics]] -- [[Computation|Theory of computation]] -- [[Discrete mathematics]] -- [[Cryptography]] -- [[Graph theory]] -- [[Game theory]]
-
-:'''[[Applied mathematics|Applied Mathematics]]'''
-:[[Mechanics]] -- [[Numerical analysis]] -- [[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization]] -- [[Probability and statistics]]
-
-:'''Famous Theorems and Conjectures'''
-:[[Fermats Last Theorem|Fermat's last theorem]] -- [[Riemann hypothesis]] -- [[Continuum hypothesis]] -- [[Complexity classes P and NP|P=NP]] -- [[Goldbachs conjecture|Goldbach's conjecture]] -- [[Twin Prime Conjecture]] -- [[Goedel's incompleteness theorem|Gödel's incompleteness theorems]] -- [[Poincare conjecture|Poincaré conjecture]] -- [[Cantor's diagonal argument]] -- [[Pythagorean Theorem|Pythagorean theorem]] -- [[Central limit theorem]] -- [[Fundamental Theorem of Calculus|Fundamental theorem of calculus]] -- [[Fundamental Theorem of Algebra|Fundamental theorem of algebra]] -- [[Four color theorem]] -- [[Zorns lemma|Zorn's lemma]] -- [[The most remarkable formula in the world|"The most remarkable formula in the world"]]
-
-:'''Foundations and Methods'''
-:[[Philosophy of mathematics]] -- [[Mathematical intuitionism]] -- [[Mathematical constructivism]] -- [[Foundations of mathematics]] -- [[Set theory]] -- [[Symbolic logic]] -- [[Model theory]] -- [[Category theory]] -- [[Theorem-proving]]
-
-:'''History and the World of Mathematicians'''
-
-:[[History of mathematics]] -- [[Timeline of mathematics]] -- [[Mathematician|Mathematicians]] -- [[Fields Medal|Fields medal]] -- [[Millennium Prize Problems|Millennium Prize Problems (Clay Math Prize)]] -- [[International Mathematical Union]] -- [[Mathematics Competitions|Mathematics competitions]]
-
-----
-'''Further Reading:'''
-* Davis, Philip J.; Hersh, Reuben: ''The Mathematical Experience''. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass., 1980. A gentle introduction to the world of mathematics.
-* Rusin, Dave: ''The Mathematical Atlas'', http://www.math-atlas.org. A tour through the various branches of modern mathematics.
-* Weisstein, Eric: ''World of Mathematics'', http://www.mathworld.com. An online encyclopedia of mathematics.
-* ''Planet Math'', http://planetmath.org. An online math encyclopedia under construction. Uses the [[GFDL]] license, allowing article exchange with Wikpedia. Uses [[TeX]] markup.
-* Mathematical Society of Japan: ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, 2nd ed.''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1993. Definitions, theorems and references.
-* Michiel Hazewinkel (ed.): ''Encyclopaedia of Mathematics''. Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000. A translated and expanded version of a Soviet math encyclopedia, in ten (expensive) volumes, the most complete and authorative work available. Also in paperback and on CD-ROM.
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Musik]][[eo:Muziko]][[fr:Musique]][[nl:Muziek]][[pl:Muzyka]][[pt:Música]]
-Broadly speaking, '''music''' is any artful or entertaining arrangement of [[sound|sounds]], deliberate or otherwise. The actual [[definition of music]] is hotly contested.
-
-We can define "music" more formally as a series of organized sounds and silences temporal in nature, which those who know it can reproduce.
-
-All music also has some varying degree of [[rhythm]] and [[melody]]. [[Harmony]] is often added.
-The following are [[Music basic topics|music-related topics]]:
-
-* [[Musician]]
-* [[Musical ensemble]]
-* [[Musical instrument]]
-* [[Musical genre]]
-* [[Music theory]]
-* [[Music history]]
-* [[Musical tuning]]
-* [[Sound reproduction]]
-
-The academic study of music is called [[Musicology]].
-
+++ /dev/null
-'''Opera''' (or '''Melodramma''') is an [[art]] form that consists of a stage performance of a [[drama]] (whose text is called the "[[libretto]]").
-
-The drama is presented utilizing [[scenery]], [[costume]]s, [[acting]]. Much of the [[dialogue]] is presented through [[singing]]: [[Recitative]] is singing in much the form of speaking, [[aria]] is an extended solo passage. Arioso is a smaller, more limited in subject matter aria.
-
-In opera, [[Voice]]s represent perhaps the most important (or the more famous) [[musical instrument|instruments]], and [[singers]] (and roles) are classified depending on their respective pitches.
-
-Opera draws from many other art forms. Its backbone is certainly [[music]], it is performed with dialoges, so it is a [[drama]] with music, on a stage, so [[decorative art]]s are important, as is [[dance]], which sometimes appears in it. [[Giuseppe Verdi]] used to call it: the art of ''recitar cantando''.
-
-----
-
-==== History ====
-Opera began in [[Italy]] in the [[Renaissance]], as an attempt to revive Classical Greek drama. Opera means simply "work" in [[Italian]]. The first opera was written around [[1597]] in Northern Italy, sources differ on the exact date and place.
-
-For centuries, Italian opera was the standard form, and many operas written by English- or German-speaking composers, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], for example, are in [[Italian]]. A separate French tradition, sung in [[French]], was founded by [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], and well into the middle of the nineteenth century, operas performed in [[France]] were usually written or translated into French. [[Spain]] produced its own distinctive form: [[zarzuela]].
-
-The form of the opera consists of several sung pieces, ([[aria]]s), separated by recitation over accompaniment. Recitation in opera is a form of singing intermediate between ordinary [[melody|melodic]] singing and formal spoken [[recitation]].
-
-Early operas consisted of recitative accompanied only by [[basso continuo]] and arias accompanied by full [[orchestra]]. Later operas involved the full orchestra throughout the opera to provide a smoother transition between parts.
-
-This change reached a climax when [[Richard Wagner]] introduced the idea of the ''Gesamtkunstwerk'' or the ''Total Work of Art'', where the action is continued, with no stops or repetitions, and the music is a continuous flux, not a few pieces separated
-by recitatives. Wagner also introduced [[leitmotif]], where each character or idea in the story is represented by a musical line that appears whenever they appear or are mentioned.
-
-The themes of the opera at the beginning were mythological or historical, usually tragic and moral. Later, composers introduced more everyday themes.
-
-==== Famous Opera Composers ====
-See [[List of opera composers]]
-==== Famous Operas ====
-See [[List of famous operas]]
-
-==== Famous Theatres ====
-
-*[[La Scala, theatre|La Scala, Milan]]
-*[[La Fenice, Venice]]
-*[[San Carlo, Naples]]
-*[[Teatro Regio, Parma]]
-*[[Arena, Verona]]
-*[[Sydney Opera House]]
-
-----
-See also [[operetta]], [[musical]], [[singspiel]], [[zarzuela]].
-----
-
-''Opera'' is also the name of a popular alternative [[web browser]]; see '''[[Opera browser]]'''
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[Painting techniques]] include:
-:[[Impasto]]
-:[[Wash]], drip
-:[[Glaze]]
-:[[Encaustic painting|Encaustic]]
-:[[Fresco]]
-:scumble and stipple
-The [[medium]] is the vehicle that the pigment is suspended or embedded in. Examples include:
-:[[Oil painting]]
-:Water-miscible oils
-:Heat-set oils
-:[[Acrylic paint]]
-:[[Colored pencil]]
-:[[Gouache]]
-:[[Ink]]
-:[[Pastel]]
-:[[Tempera]]
-:[[Encaustic painting|wax]]
-:[[Watermedia painting]]
-[[Painting styles]] can be characterized by the method of application (loose or tight) or by the predominant characteristics that the painting expresses.
-:[[Painting tools]] include the various types of:
-:[[Artists brush]]
-:[[Palette knife]]
-:sponge
-:fingers
-:[[Paint]] is made up of [[pigment]] and [[Painting medium|media]], with perhaps drying accelerants, texture enhancers, and other modifiers added.
-''(What's this list supposed to be listing?)''
-:[[Mural]]
-:[[New materials (painting)]]
-:[[Tempera]]
-:[[Oil painting]]
-:[[Panel painting]]
-
-For historical and contemporary movements in painting, see [[History of painting]].
-
-You can also see a list of artistic [[Painters]].
-
-Recently, [[computer painting]] is rapidly becoming a tool of modern painters.
-
-A proposed and yet-unrealised development in painting is [[four dimensional painting]].
-----
-External links to art-related sites (sources of information for writing Wikipedia articles):
-:http://www.metmuseum.org/
-:http://www.moma.org/docs/menu/index.htm
-:http://www.artchive.com/
-:http://www.rmn.fr/US/index2.html
-:http://www.sensable.com/
-:http://www.virtualberet.org/
-:http://www.bostoncyberarts.org/splash.html
-:http://www.walkerart.org/
-:http://www.stunned.org/
-:http://www.NextMonet.com/
-:http://www.internationalposter.com/
-:http://www.bertimosaici.com/
-:http://www.musee-orsay.fr:8081/ORSAY/ORSAYGB/HTML
-:http://frick.org/
-:http://artmuseum.net/
-:http://www.groveart.com/
-
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Philosophie]][[eo:Filozofio]][[nl:Filosofie]][[pl:Filozofia]][[it:filosofia]]
-The definition of '''philosophy''' is a philosophical question in its own right. But for purposes of introducing the concept, we can say that, approximately, it is the study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general, or universal, aspects of things--a study which is carried out not by experimentation or careful observation, but instead typically by formulating problems carefully, offering solutions to them, giving arguments for the solutions, and engaging in the [[dialectic]] about all of the above. Philosophy studies such concepts as [[existence]], [[goodness]], [[knowledge]], and [[beauty]]. It asks questions such as "What is goodness, in general?" and "Is knowledge even possible?" Famous philosophers include [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Rene Descartes]], [[John Locke]], and [[Immanuel Kant]].
-
-Popularly, the word "philosophy" is often used to mean any form of wisdom, or any person's perspective on life (as in "philosophy of life") or basic principles behind or method of achieving something (as in "my philosophy about driving on highways"). That is different from the academic meaning, and it is the academic meaning which is used here.
-
-Originally, "philosophy" meant simply "the love of wisdom". Philo- comes from the Greek word ''philein'', meaning to love, and -sophy comes from the Greek ''sophia'', or wisdom. "Philosopher" replaced the word "sophist" (from ''sophoi''), which was used to describe "wise men", teachers of [[rhetoric]], which were important in [[Athenian democracy]]. Some of the first ''[[sophist]]s'' were what we would now call philosophers.
-
-Originally the scope of philosophy was all intellectual endeavor. It has long since come to mean the study of an especially abstract, nonexperimental intellectual endeavor. In fact, ''philosophy'' is itself a notoriously difficult word to define; the question "What is philosophy?" is itself, famously, a vexed philosophical question. It is often observed that philosophers are unique in the extent to which they disagree about what their field even ''is''.
-
-The introduction of the term philosophy was ascribed to the Greek thinker [[Pythagoras]] (see [[Diogenes Laertius]]: "De vita et moribus philosophorum", I, 12; [[Cicero]]: "Tusculanae disputationes", V, 8-9). This ascription is certainly based on a passage in a lost work of [[Herakleides Pontikos]], a disciple of [[Aristotle]]. It is considered to be part of the widespread Pythagoras legends of this time. In fact the term philosophy was not in use long before [[Plato]].
-
-For further considerations about the very notion of philosophy, please see [[definition of philosophy]].
-
-=== [[History of philosophy]] ===
-
-Philosophers divide the long history of Western philosophy into [[ancient philosophy]], [[medieval philosophy]], [[modern philosophy]], and [[contemporary philosophy]]. [[Ancient philosophy]] was dominated by the trio of [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]]. In [[medieval philosophy]], topics in metaphysics and philosophy of religion held sway, and the most important names included [[Duns Scotus]], [[Peter Abelard]], and [[Aquinas]]. [[Modern philosophy]] generally means philosophy from 1600 until about 1900, and which includes many distinguished [[Early modern philosophy|early modern philosophers]], such as [[Rene Descartes|René Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[David Hume]], and [[Immanuel Kant]]. [[Nineteenth-century philosophy]] is often treated as its own period, as it was dominated by [[post-Kantian philosophy|post-Kantian]] German and idealist philosophers like [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F Hegel]], [[Karl Marx]], and [[F. H. Bradley]]; two other important thinkers were [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].
-
-In the [[twentieth-century philosophy|twentieth century]], philosophers in Europe and the United States took diverging paths. The so-called [[analytic philosophy|analytic philosophers]], including [[Bertrand Russell]], [[G. E. Moore]], and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], were centered in [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]], and were joined by logical empiricists emigrating from Austria and Germany (for example, [[Rudolf Carnap]]) and their students and others in the United States (such as, [[W. V. Quine]], [[Donald Davidson]], and [[Saul Kripke]], and other English-speaking countries (for example, [[A. J. Ayer]]).
-
-On the [[Continental philosophy|continent of Europe]] (especially Germany and France), the [[phenomenology|phenomenologist]] Germans [[Edmund Husserl]] and [[Martin Heidegger]] led the way, followed soon by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and other [[existentialism|existentialists]]; this led via other "[[isms]]" to [[postmodernism]], which dominates schools of [[critical theory]] as well as philosophy departments in France and Germany, which continue the projects that these philosophers have pursued.
-
-Please see our more exhaustive list of [[Philosopher|philosophers]] as well as the [[history of philosophy]] article, from which the above was taken.
-
-=== [[Philosophical subdisciplines]] ===
-
-As with any field of academic study, philosophy has a number of subdisciplines. Philosophy in fact seems to have a huge number of subdisciplines, in no small part due to the fact that there tends to be a "philosophy of" nearly everything else that is studied. Those new to philosophy are usually invited particularly to pay attention to [[logic]], [[metaphysics]], [[philosophy of mind]], [[philosophy of language]], [[epistemology]], [[philosophy of science]], [[ethics]], and [[political philosophy]] as--arguably, of course--the "central disciplines" of philosophy.
-
-*[[Aesthetics]]: the study of basic philosophical questions about [[art]] and [[beauty]]. Sometimes [[philosophy of art]] is used to describe only questions about art, with "aesthetics" the more general term.
-*[[Epistemology]]: the study of [[knowledge]], its nature, [[skepticism|possibility]], and [[epistemic justification|justification]].
-*[[Ethics]]: the study of what makes actions right or wrong, and of how theories of [[right action]] can be applied to special moral problems. Subdisciplines include [[meta-ethics]], [[value theory]], [[theory of conduct]], and [[applied ethics]].
-*[[History of philosophy]]: the study of what philosophers up until recent times have written, its interpretation, who influenced whom, and so forth. The bulk of questions in history of philosophy are interpretive questions.
-*[[Logic]]: the study of the standards of correct [[argument|argumentation]]. Includes [[formal logic]], such as [[Aristotelian Syllogisms]] and [[propositional logic]].
-*[[Meta-philosophy]]: the study of [[philosophical method]] and the goals of philosophy. The term "philosophy of philosophy" is sometimes used more or less as a synonym.
-*[[Metaphysics]] (which includes [[ontology]]): the study of the most basic [[category|categories]] of things, such as [[existence]], [[object]]s, [[property|properties]], [[causality]], and so forth. Metaphysics often is taken to include questions now studied by other philosophical subdisciplines, such as [[the mind-body problem]] and [[free will and determinism]].
-*[[Philosophy of biology]]: the philosophical study of some basic concepts of biology, including the notion of a [[species]] and whether biological concepts are reducible to nonbiological concepts.
-*[[Philosophy of education]]: the study of the purpose and most basic methods of education or learning.
-*[[Philosophy of language]]: the study of the concepts of [[meaning]] and [[truth]].
-*[[Philosophy of mathematics]]: the study of philosophical questions raised by mathematics, such as, what numbers are, and what the nature and origins of our [[mathematics|mathematical]] knowledge are.
-*[[Philosophy of mind]]: the philosophical study of the nature of the [[mind]], and its relation to the [[body]] and the rest of the world.
-*[[Philosophy of perception]]: the philosophical study of topics related to perception; the question what the "immediate objects" of perception are has been especially important.
-*[[Philosophy of physics]]: the philosophical study of some basic concepts of physics, including [[space]], [[time]], and [[force]].
-*[[Philosophy of psychology]]: the study of some fundamental questions about the methods and concepts of psychology and psychiatry, such as the meaningfulness of [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] concepts; this is sometimes treated as including philosophy of mind.
-*[[Philosophy of religion]]: the study of the meaning of the concept of [[God]] and of the rationality of belief in the existence of God.
-*[[Philosophy of science]]: includes not only, as subdisciplines, the "philosophies of" the special sciences (i.e., physics, biology, etc.), but also questions about induction, [[scientific method]], scientific progress, etc.
-*[[Philosophy of social sciences]]: the philosophical study of some basic concepts, methods, and presuppositions of social sciences such as sociology and economics.
-*[[Political philosophy]]: the study of basic topics concerning [[government]], including the purpose of [[the state]], political [[justice]], [[political freedom]], the nature of law, and [[the justification of punishment]].
-* [[Value theory]]: the study of the concept [[value]]. Also called [[theory of value]]. Sometimes this is taken to be equivalent to [[axiology]] (a term not in as much currency in the English-speaking world as it once was), and sometimes is taken to be, instead of a foundational field, an overarching field including ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy, i.e., the philosophical subdisciplines that crucially depend on questions of value.
-
-=== How to get started in philosophy ===
-
-It is a platitude (at least among people who write introductions to philosophy) that everybody has a philosophy, though they might not all realize it or be able to defend it. If you're already interested in studying philosophy, your reason might be to improve the way you live or think somehow, or you simply wish to get acquainted with one of the most ancient areas of human thought. On the other hand, if you don't see what all the fuss is about, it might help to read [[the motivation to philosophize]], which explains what motivates many people to "do philosophy", and get an [[Philosophical method/Introduction|introduction to philosophical method]], which is important to understanding how philosophers think. It might also help to acquaint yourself with some considerations about [[definition of philosophy|just what philosophy is]].
-
-=== Applied philosophy ===
-
-Philosophy has applications. The most obvious applications are those in [[ethics]]--[[applied ethics]] in particular--and in [[political philosophy]]. The political philosophies of [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Karl Marx]], and [[John Stuart Mill]] have shaped and been used to justify governments and their actions. [[Philosophy of education]] deserves special mention, as well; [[progressive education]] as championed by [[John Dewey]] has had a profound impact on educational practices in the United States in the twentieth century.
-
-Other important, but less immediate applications can be found in [[epistemology]], which might help one to regulate one's notions of what knowledge, evidence, and justified belief are. [[Philosophy of science]] discusses the underpinnings of the [[scientific method]], among other topics sometimes useful to scientists. [[Aesthetics]] can help to interpret discussions of art. Even [[ontology]], surely the most abstract and least practical-seeming branch of philosophy, has had important consequences for [[logic]] and [[computer science]]. In general, the various "philosophies of", such as [[philosophy of law]], can provide workers in their respective fields with a deeper understanding of the theoretical or conceptual underpinnings of their fields.
-
-Moreover, recently, there has been developing a burgeoning profession devoted to applying philosophy to the problems of ordinary life: [[philosophical counseling]].
-
-=== Philosophy vs. natural science ===
-
-On the view of some in the (loosely described) [[Anglo-American philosophy|Anglo-American philosophical tradition]] and the closely-related tradition of the [[Vienna Circle]], philosophy ought to emulate the exact methods of [[science]] and [[mathematics]]. But strictly speaking, philosophy is to be distinguished from science. It is not, at least, part of philosophy to do [[experiment]]s. Experiments play little, if any, role in the solution of [[philosophical problems]]. Someone might object to this, if he knows much about the intersection of philosophy and science. Philosophers are often referring to and interpreting the scientific work of [[physics|physicists]], who do experiments about [[space and time]] and [[quantum mechanics]] (see [[philosophy of physics]]). They are often referring to experimental work done in [[psychology]] when they discuss philosophy of psychology (see [[philosophy of psychology]]). In general, many philosophers who study [[philosophy of science]] are trained scientists.
-
-There is no doubting that philosophers sometimes ''interpret'' and ''refer to'' experimental work of various kinds--especially in the philosophies of the so-called "[[special sciences]]", as in philosophy of physics and philosophy of psychology. But this is not surprising: the purpose of those branches of philosophy, branches like philosophy of physics, is to help interpret the ''philosophical'' aspects of experimental work. It is not the philosophers, in their capacities as philosophers, who do the experiments and who formulate explanatory theories of experimentally-tabulated facts.
-
-There is a basic historical reason why philosophy is not experimental. Originally, the scope of philosophy was all abstract intellectual endeavor. Even up to early modern times, the people we now call "scientists" were referred to as "natural philosophers", i.e., philosophers who study nature. Over the years--it is very commonly observed--the scope of philosophy has gotten smaller and smaller, as different sciences have spun off and become independent disciplines in their own right. Some relatively early "spin-offs" were physics and chemistry; more recently, psychology has spun off.
-
-One might wonder why scholars began to treat various special sciences as independent from philosophy. The answer for any given branched-off science is that it began to be prosecuted using rigorous, agreed-upon methods of observation and experimentation. Philosophy in its core sense, the sense that remains today, is essentially something that one should be able to do from one's armchair, surrounded, at most, by some books and articles that scientists (but certainly other philosophers) write.
-
-Of course, philosophy is far from being totally non-observational or non-empirical. Certainly philosophy makes essential use of observations about the world. But they are, we might say, very ''general'' observations, observations like "It seems to me I make free choices" and "It seems to me that killing another person, if ever necessary, requires a really good excuse". Observations like this ''can'' require careful attention. But most (not all) philosophical topics require no more ''specialized'' knowledge than the average educated person has, except for specialized knowledge about philosophy itself (such as [[philosophical jargon]]).
-
-Some beginners confuse philosophy and [[psychology]], yet these are different fields. Philosophy does study the [[mind]], just as psychology does, but it also studies other things ''besides'' the mind, too, about which psychology has nothing to say. The ways philosophers and psychologists study the mind differ, as well. The study of the mind involved in doing psychology involves careful, specific observation of particular mental phenomena, and experimentation; by contrast, philosophers think about more general aspects of the mind, questions like, "What is [[consciousness]]?" and "What is the relation between mind and body?"
-
-=== Philosophy vs. religious studies and classics ===
-
-What distinguishes philosophy from religious studies, most of which also is not experimental? Parts of theology, those which ask about what [[God]] is and how to prove that God exists, clearly overlap with what philosophers call "[[philosophy of religion]]". That is not a problem. Similarly, classics, or study of ancient Greece and Rome, studies the Greek philosophers Socrates and Plato, and so classics overlaps with an area of philosophy, namely history of [[Greek philosophy]], to that extent. That is not a problem either. Neither of these overlaps muddies the concepts of philosophy, of religious studies, or of classics.
-
-But consider that other part of religious studies, the ''empirical'' part, which often focuses on comparative study of different world religions. That part of religious studies can be distinguished from philosophy in just the way that any other social science can be distinguished from philosophy. Namely, it involves specific observations of particular phenomena, here particular religious practices, and philosophy does not.
-
-=== Philosophy vs. mathematics ===
-
-[[Mathematics]] differs from philosophy for other reasons. It uses some very specific, rigorous methods of proof that philosophers sometimes (only rarely) try to emulate, but rarely, if ever, duplicate with the same degree of rigor. As a result, mathematicians hardly ever disagree about results, while philosophers of course do disagree about theirs. Besides, most philosophers do not even try to make their work rigorous in a mathematical sense. Unlike mathematicians, philosophers disagree about their [[philosophical method|methods]], and their methodological differences can often be used account for their different conclusions.
-
-Another way to distinguish philosophy from mathematics is this. Math, beyond a certain basic level, requires some ''extremely'' specialized knowledge, which can be obtained only by dint of extremely hard labor and concentration. It is not the sort of discipline that can be pursued with the knowledge that the average educated person has. Philosophy usually does require hard labor and concentration, but at least a philosopher can often explain his question, with not ''too'' much difficulty, to an intelligent nonphilosopher in under ten minutes.
-
-=== Some tentative generalizations about what philosophy is ===
-
-So philosophy, it seems, is a discipline that draws on knowledge that the average educated person has, and it does not make use of experimentation and careful observation, though it may interpret philosophical aspects of experiment and observation.
-
-More positively, one might say that philosophy is a discipline that examines the meaning and justification of certain of our most basic, fundamental beliefs, according to a [[philosophical method/Introduction|loose set of general methods]]. But what we might mean by the words "basic, fundamental beliefs"?
-
-A belief is fundamental if it concerns those aspects of the [[universe]] which are ''most commonly'' found, which are found everywhere: the ''universal'' aspects of things. Philosophy studies, for example, what [[existence]] itself is. It also studies [[value]]--the [[good]]ness of things--in general. Surely in human life we find the relevance of value or goodness everywhere, not just moral goodness, though that might be very important, but even more generally, goodness in the sense of anything that is actually desirable, the sense, for example, in which an apple, a painting, and a person can all be good. (If indeed there is a single sense in which they are all called "good".)
-
-Of course, physics and the other sciences study some very universal aspects of things; but it does so experimentally. Philosophy studies those aspects that can be studied without experimentation. Those are aspects of things that are very general indeed; to take yet another example, philosophers ask what physical objects as such are, as distinguished from properties of objects and relations between objects, and perhaps also as distinguished from minds or souls. Physicists proceed as though the notion of a physical body is quite clear and straightforward--which perhaps in the end it will found to be--but at any rate, physics ''assumes'' that, and then asks questions about how all physical bodies behave, and then does experiments to find out the answers.
-
-----
-
-''Eventually, we would like the following lists introduced properly as separate sections of this article (which is an article-in-progress, of course!).''
-
-'''[[Philosophical theories]]'''
-
-[[altruism]] --
-[[anti-realism]] --
-[[Buddhist philosophy]] --
-[[coherentism]] --
-[[Confucianism]] --
-[[consequentialism]] --
-[[constructivism]] --
-[[deconstructionism]]-- [[Discordianism]] --
-[[egoism]] --
-[[eudaimonism]] --
-[[foundationalism]] --
-[[hedonism]] --
-[[historical materialism]] --
-[[historicism]] --
-[[idealism]] --
-[[irrealism]] --
-[[justified true belief]] --
-[[logical positivism]] --
-[[nominalism]] --
-[[Objectivism]] --
-[[philosophical pessimism]] --
-[[psychological egoism]] --
-[[Platonism]] --
-[[rationalism]] --
-[[realism]] --
-[[reality enforcement]] --
-[[reliabilism]] --
-[[Taoism]] --
-[[Transcendentalism]] --
-[[utilitarianism]] --
-[[Populism and Nationalism]] --
-[[Irrationalism and Aestheticism]] --
-[[Stoicism]] --
-[[Vedic]] --
-[[Epicureanism]] --
-[etc. continue the list please]
-
-:''A long list of unsorted terms culled from [[existentialism]] article -- please sort, arrange, remove duplicates''
-
-[[aesthetic]]
-[[Aristotelianism]]
-[[conceptualism]]
-[[Confucianism]]
-[[Daoism]]
-[[deconstruction]]
-[[deconstructionism]]
-[[determinism]]
-[[emic]]
-[[empiricism]]
-[[empiricist philosophy]]
-[[esthetic]]
-[[etic]]
-[[existentialism]]
-[[existentialist philosophy]]
-[[formalism]]
-[[idealism]]
-[[intuitionism]]
-[[logicism]]
-[[materialism]]
-[[mechanism]]
-[[mentalism]]
-[[naive realism]]
-[[nativism]]
-[[naturalism]]
-[[nominalism]]
-[[operationalism]]
-[[physicalism]]
-[[Platonism]]
-[[pragmatism]]
-[[probabilism]]
-[[realism]]
-[[relativism]]
-[[scholasticism]]
-[[semiotics]]
-[[sensationalism]]
-[[sensationalism]]
-[[sensualism]]
-[[solipsism]]
-[[Stoicism]]
-[[subjectivism]]
-[[Taoism]]
-[[teleology]]
-[[traditionalism]]
-[[vitalism]]
-
-=== [[Philosophical issues and problems]] ===
-
-[[free will and determinism]] --
-[[faith and rationality]] --
-[[the problem of other minds]] --
-[[problem of the criterion]]
-
-=== [[Philosophical Movements]] ===
-
-[[French materialism]] --
-[[German idealism]] --
-[[Critical philosophy]] --
-[[General Semantics]] --
-[[Existentialism]]
-
-===External Links===
-* [http://plato.stanford.edu/ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
-* [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Physik]][[eo:Fiziko]][[fr:Physique]][[nl:Natuurkunde]][[pl:Fizyka]][[pt:FÃsica]][[sl:fizika]]
-'''Physics''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''phusis'': nature) is the [[science]] of Nature in the broadest sense. [[physicist|Physicists]] study the behavior and interactions of [[matter]] across [[space]] and [[time]], which are referred to as [[physical phenomenon|physical phenomena]]. [[theory|Theories]] of physics are generally expressed as [[mathematics|mathematical]] relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as ''physical laws'' or [[law of physics|laws of physics]]; however, like all [[scientific method|scientific theories]], they are ultimately provisional.
-
-Physics is closely related to the other [[Natural Sciences|natural sciences]], particularly [[chemistry]], the science of [[molecule|molecules]] and the chemical compounds that they form in bulk. Chemistry draws on many fields of physics, particularly [[quantum mechanics]], [[thermodynamics]] and [[electromagnetism]]. However, chemical phenomena are sufficiently varied and complex that chemistry is usually regarded as a separate discipline.
-
-Below is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, followed by a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
-
-:'''Central Theories'''
-:[[Classical Mechanics|Classical mechanics]] -- [[Thermodynamics]] -- [[Statistical Mechanics|Statistical mechanics]] -- [[Electromagnetism]] -- [[Special relativity]] -- [[General relativity]] -- [[Quantum mechanics]] -- [[Quantum field theory]] -- [[Standard Model]]
-
-:'''Proposed Theories'''
-:[[Theory of everything]] -- [[Grand unification theory|Grand unified theory]] -- [[M-theory]] -- [[emergent complexity]] -- [[Interpretation of quantum mechanics]]
-
-:'''Concepts'''
-:[[Matter]] -- [[Antimatter]] -- [[Particle|Elementary particle]] -- [[Boson]] -- [[Fermion]]
-
-:[[Symmetry]] -- [[Conservation law]] -- [[Mass]] -- [[Energy]] --[[Momentum]] -- [[Angular momentum]] -- [[Spin (physics)|Spin]]
-
-:[[Time]] -- [[Space]] -- [[Dimension]] -- [[Spacetime]] -- [[Length]] -- [[Velocity]] -- [[Force]] -- [[Torque]]
-
-:[[Wave]] -- [[Wavefunction]] -- [[Quantum entanglement]] -- [[Harmonic oscillator]] -- [[Magnetism]] -- [[Electricity]] -- [[Electromagnetic radiation]] -- [[Temperature]] -- [[Entropy]] -- [[Physical information]]
-
-:'''[[fundamental force|Fundamental Forces]]'''
-:[[Gravity|Gravitational]] -- [[Electromagnetism|Electromagnetic]] -- [[Weak interaction|Weak]] -- [[Strong interaction|Strong]]
-
-:'''[[Particle physics|Particles]]'''
-:[[Atom]] -- [[Proton]] -- [[Neutron]] -- [[Electron]] -- [[Quark]] -- [[Photon]] -- [[Gluon]] -- [[W boson]] -- [[Z boson]] -- [[Graviton]] -- [[Neutrino]] -- [[Particle radiation]]
-
-
-:'''Subfields of Physics'''
-:[[Astrophysics]] -- [[Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics]] -- [[Computational physics]] -- [[Condensed matter physics]] -- [[Cryogenics]] -- [[Fluid dynamics]] -- [[Polymer physics]] -- [[Optics]] -- [[Materials physics]] -- [[Nuclear physics]] -- [[Plasma physics]] -- [[Particle physics]] (or High Energy Physics) -- [[Solid state physics]]
-
-:'''Methods'''
-:[[Scientific method]] -- [[Physical quantity]] -- [[Measurement]] -- [[Measuring instruments]] -- [[Dimensional analysis]] -- [[Probability and Statistics]]
-
-:'''Tables'''
-:[[Physical constants]] -- [[SI base unit|SI base units]] -- [[SI derived unit|SI derived units]] -- [[SI prefix|SI prefixes]] -- [[Conversion of units|Unit conversions]]
-
-:'''History'''
-:[[History of Physics]] -- [[Famous Physicists]] -- [[Nobel Prize in physics]]
-
-:'''Related Fields'''
-:[[Mathematical physics]] -- [[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] -- [[Materials science]] -- [[Electronics]] -- [[Engineering]]
-
-
-(''To help develop a list of the most basic topics in Physics, please see [[Physics basic topics]].'')
-
-=== A Ridiculously Brief History of Physics ===
-
-''Note: A more detailed history of physics article is in development at [[History of Physics]]. Currently, this contains little more than is written here. Please add to the History of Physics article, and keep this a summary only''
-
-Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Also a mystery was the character of the [[universe]], such as the form of the [[Earth]] and the behavior of celestial objects such as the [[Sun]] and the [[Luna|Moon]]. Several theories were proposed, most of them were wrong. These theories were largely couched in [[philosophy|philosophical]] terms, and never verified by systematic experimental testing. There were exceptions: for example, the [[Hellenic civilization|Greek]] thinker [[Archimedes]] derived many correct quantitative descriptions of mechanics and hydrostatics.
-
-During the late [[16th century]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] pioneered the use of experiment to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the [[scientific method]]. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in [[dynamics]], in particular the Law of [[Inertia]]. In [[1687]], [[Newton]] published the [[Principia Mathematica]], detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: the [[Newton's laws of motion]], from which arise [[classical mechanics]]; and [[gravity|Newton's Law of Gravitation]], which describes the [[fundamental force]] of [[gravity]]. Both theories agreed well with experiment. Classical mechanics would be exhaustively extended by [[Joseph-Louis de Lagrange|Lagrange]], [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]], and others, who produced new formulations, principles, and results. The Law of Gravitation initiated the field of [[astrophysics]], which describes [[astronomy|astronomical]] phenomena using physical theories.
-
-From the [[18th century]] onwards, [[thermodynamics]] was developed by [[Robert Boyle|Boyle]], [[Thomas Young|Young]], and many others. In [[1733]], [[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli]] used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of [[statistical mechanics]]. In [[1798]], [[Benjamin Thompson|Thompson]] demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in [[1847]] [[James Joule|Joule]] stated the law of conservation of [[energy]], in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy.
-
-The behavior of [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]] was studied by [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]], [[Georg Ohm|Ohm]], and others. In [[1855]], [[James Maxwell|Maxwell]] unified the two phenomena into a single theory of [[electromagnetism]], described by [[Maxwells equations|Maxwell's equations]]. A prediction of this theory was that [[light]] is an [[electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic wave]].
-
-In [[1895]], [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen|Roentgen]] discovered [[X-ray|X-rays]], which turned out to be high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. [[Radioactivity]] was discovered in [[1896]] by [[Henri Becquerel]], and further studied by [[Pierre Curie]] and [[Marie Curie]] and others. This initiated the field of [[nuclear physics]].
-
-In [[1897]], [[J.J. Thomson|Thomson]] discovered the [[electron]], the elementary particle which carries electrical current in circuits. In [[1904]], he proposed the first model of the [[atom]], known as the [[atom/plum pudding|plum pudding model]]. (The existence of the atom had been proposed in [[1808]] by [[John Dalton|Dalton]].)
-
-In [[1905]], Einstein formulated the theory of [[special relativity]], unifying space and time into a single entity, [[spacetime]]. Relativity prescribes a different transformation between [[inertial frame of reference|reference frames]] than classical mechanics; this necessitated the development of relativistic mechanics as a replacement for classical mechanics. In the regime of low (relative) velocities, the two theories agree. In [[1915]], Einstein extended special relativity to explain gravity with the [[general relativity|general theory of relativity]], which replaces Newton's law of gravitation. In the regime of low masses and energies, the two theories agree.
-
-In [[1911]], [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]] deduced from [[rutherford scattering|scattering experiments]] the existence of a compact atomic nucleus, with positively charged constituents dubbed [[proton|protons]]. [[neutron|Neutrons]], the neutral nuclear constituents, were discovered in [[1932]] by [[James Chadwick|Chadwick]].
-
-Beginning in [[1900]], [[Max Planck|Planck]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr|Bohr]], and others developed [[quantum]] theories to explain various anomalous experimental results by introducing discrete energy levels. In [[1925]], [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] and [[Erwin Schrodinger|Schrodinger]] formulated [[quantum mechanics]], which explained the preceding quantum theories. In quantum mechanics, the outcomes of physical measurements are inherently [[probability|probabilistic]]; the theory describes the calculation of these probabilities. It successfully describes the behavior of matter at small distance scales.
-
-Quantum mechanics also provided the theoretical tools for [[condensed matter physics]], which studies the physical behavior of solids and liquids, including phenomena such as [[crystal|crystal structures]], [[semiconductor|semiconductivity]], and [[superconductor|superconductivity]]. The pioneers of condensed matter physics include [[Felix Bloch|Bloch]], who created a quantum mechanical description of the behavior of electrons in crystal structures in [[1928]].
-
-During [[World War II]], research was conducted by each side into [[nuclear physics]], for the purpose of creating a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]]. The German effort, led by Heisenberg, did not succeed, but the Allied [[Manhattan Project]] reached its goal. In America, a team led by [[Enrico Fermi|Fermi]] achieved the first man-made [[nuclear chain reaction]] in [[1942]], and in [[1945]] the world's first nuclear explosive was detonated in [[Alamagordo]], [[New Mexico]].
-
-[[Quantum field theory]] was formulated in order to extend quantum mechanics to be consistent with special relativity. It achieved its modern form in the late [[1940s]] with work by [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]], [[Tomonaga]], and [[Freeman Dyson|Dyson]]. They formulated the theory of [[quantum electrodynamics]], which describes the electromagnetic interaction.
-
-Quantum field theory provided the framework for modern [[particle physics]], which studies [[fundamental force|fundamental forces]] and elementary particles. In [[1954]], [[Yang Chen Ning|Yang]] and [[Robert Mills|Mills]] developed a class of [[gauge theory|gauge theories]], which provided the framework for the [[Standard Model]]. The Standard Model, which was completed in the [[1970s]], successfully describes almost all elementary particles observed to date.
-
-''A more detailed history of physics article is in development at [[History of Physics]].''
-
-----
-
-'''Suggested Reading:'''
-* [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], ''The Character of Physical Law'', MIT Press, 1965
-* [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], Leighton, Sands, ''The Feynman Lectures on Physics'', Reading Mass., Addison-Wesley 1963
-* Eric Weisstein, ''Treasure Troves of Physics'', http://www.treasure-troves.com/physics/. Online Physics encyclopedic dictionary.
-* Carl R. Nave, ''HyperPhysics'', http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html. Online crosslinked physics concept maps.
-
+++ /dev/null
-:''Poker is a microcosm of all we admire and disdain about capitalism and democracy. It can be rough-hewn or polished, warm or cold, charitable and caring or hard and impersonal. It is fickle and elusive, but ultimately it is fair, and right, and just.'' -- Lou Krieger
-
-The [[card game]] '''poker''' is the most popular of a class of games called '''vying''' games, in which players with fully or partially concealed cards make wagers into a central '''pot''', after which the pot is awarded to the remaining player or players with the best combination of cards.
-
-In order to play, one must learn the basic rules and procedures of the game (see [[Poker/Game play|Game play]]), the values of the various combinations of cards (see [[Poker/Hands|Hands]]), and the rules about betting limits (see [[Poker/Betting structure|Betting structure]]). Some knowledge of the [[Poker/Equipment|Equipment]] used to play is useful. There are also many [[Poker/Variants|Variants]] of poker, loosely categorized as [[Draw poker]], [[Stud poker]], [[Community card poker]], and [[Miscellaneous poker]] games. The most commonly played games of the first three categories are [[Five-card draw]], [[Seven-card stud]], and [[Texas holdem|Texas hold'em]]; each of these makes a good starting point for learning games of the type.
-
-The history of poker is a matter of some debate. The name of the game likely descended from the [[French]] '''poque''', which descended from the [[German]] '''pochen''', but it is not clear that the games named by those terms were the real origins of poker. It closely resembles the [[Persian]] game of '''as nas''', and may have been taught to French settlers in [[New Orleans]] by Persian sailors. Some claim it descended from the [[Italian]] game of '''primero''' and the French '''brelan'''. The [[English]] game '''bragg''' clearly descended from '''brelan''' and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now.
-
-English actor Joseph Crowell described the game as played in New Orleans in 1829: played with a deck of 20 cards, four players bet on which player's hand of cards was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843) described spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by [[Mississippi river|Mississippi]] riverboats, on which gambling was a common pastime.
-
-Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the [[Poker/Flush|Flush]] was introduced. During the [[American Civil War]], many additions were made, including [[draw poker]], [[stud poker]] (the five-card variant), and the [[Poker/Straight|Straight]]. Further American developments followed, such as the [[Poker/Wild card|Wild card]] (around 1875), [[lowball]] and split-pot poker (around 1900), and [[Community card poker]] games (around 1940). Spread of the game to other countries, particularly in Asia, is often attributed to the American military.
-
-The game and [[Poker Jargon|jargon]] of poker have become important parts of American culture. Such phrases as ''ace in the hole'', ''ante up'', ''beats me'', ''blue chip'', ''call the bluff'', ''cash in'', ''pass the buck'', ''poker face'', ''stack up'', ''when the chips are down'', ''wild card'', and others are used in everyday conversation even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table.
-
-Modern [[Poker/Tournament|Tournament]] play became popular in American casinos after the [[World Series of Poker]] began in 1970. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably ''The Theory of Poker'' by David Sklansky (ISBN 1880685000), ''Super System'' by Doyle Brunson (ISBN 0931444014), and ''The Book of Tells'' by Mike Caro (ISBN 0897461002).
-
-<h2>Overview</h2>
-
-* Rules of the game
-** [[Poker/Game play|Game play]], with sample deals.
-** [[Poker/Hands|Hands]] (including [[Poker/Low hand|Low hand]]s and [[Poker/High hand|High hand]]s)
-** [[Poker/Betting structure|Betting structure]]
-** [[Poker/Variants|Variants]]
-*** [[Draw poker]] (including [[Five-card draw]] and [[Deuce-to-seven low]])
-*** [[Stud poker]] (including [[Five-card stud]] and [[Seven-card stud]])
-*** [[Community card poker]] (including [[Texas holdem|Texas hold'em]])
-*** [[Miscellaneous poker]]
-* [[Poker strategy]]
-** [[Poker/Probability|Probability]]
-** [[Poker/Bluffing|Bluffing]] and semi-bluffing
-** [[Poker/Sandbagging|Sandbagging]] and slow play
-** [[Poker/Game theory|Game theory]]
-** [[Poker/Psychology|Psychology]] (including [[Poker/Tell|Tell]]s)
-* [[Poker/Cheating|Cheating]]
-** [[Poker/Mechanics|Mechanics]]
-** [[Poker/Collusion|Collusion]]
-* Casino play
-** [[Poker/Public cardroom rules|Public cardroom rules]]
-** [[Poker/Public cardroom etiquette|Public cardroom etiquette]]
-* [[Poker/Tournament|Tournament]]s
-** [[Poker tournament strategy]]
-** [[World Series of Poker]]
-* [[Poker jargon]]
-* [[Poker/Law|Law]] and [[Poker/Culture|Culture]]
-* Famous players: [[Bobby Baldwin]], [[Billy Baxter]], [[Benny Binion]], [[Doyle Brunson]], [[Mike Caro]], [[Johnny Chan]], [[Bob Ciaffone]], [[T. J. Cloutier]], [[Nick Dandalos|Nick "The Greek" Dandolos]], [[Phil Hellmuth]], [[Bill Hickock|"Wild Bill" Hickock]], [[Lou Krieger]], [[Mason Malmuth]], [[Tom McEvoy]], [[Johnny Moss]], [[Puggy Pearson]], [[Amarillo Slim|"Amarillo Slim" Preston]], [[David Sklansky]], [[Jack Strauss]], [[Stu Ungar]]
-
-----
-:''See also :'' [[Poker/Dead money|Dead money]] -- [[Poker/Freeroll|Freeroll]] -- [[Poker/Jargon|Poker jargon]] -- [[Poker/Rule variation|rule variations]] -- [[Poker/Miscellaneous game]]
-----
-
-[[Poker-related game]]s include non-poker vying games commonly played along with poker such as [[Seven twenty-seven]], [[Zero fifty-five]], [[Boure|Bouré]], and [[Caro Dots]], and unrelated games that use poker hands in various ways such as [[Dollar bill poker]], [[Pai Gow poker]], [[Caribbean stud]], [[Mambo stud]], and [[Chinese poker]].
+++ /dev/null
-'''Political science''' is the formal academic study of [[politics]]. It involves the study of structure and process in [[government]] - or any equivalent system that assures safety, fairness, and closure across a broad range of risks and access to a broad range of commons for its human charges. Accordingly, political scientists often study trade unions, corporations, churches or other forms of [[collective intelligence]] that are not "political" in the sense of influencing law or executive decisions - but have structure and process approaching that of government in complexity and interconnection.
-
-Political scientists also study the allocation and transfer of power in decision making. Because of the complex interaction of often conflicting interests, political science is often an applied instance of [[game theory]].
-
-Political processes are often associated with the possibility or the prevention of [[violence]].
-
-One thing that complicates the study of political science is that political scientists are themselves part of the political process, since their teachings provide the frameworks within which other commentators, such as journalists, pressure-groups, politicians and the electorate select what they see as the most viable options.
-
-The complex interplay of economic and political choices is reflected in the field of [[political economy]], where economics and political science overlap.
-
-In the United States, political scientists look at a variety of data including elections, public opinion (on matters ranging from Social Security reform to foreign policy), institutional roles (how the U.S. Congress acts, where congressional power gravitates, how and when the Supreme Court acts, or does not act, etc.).
-
-While historians look backward, seeking to explain the past, political scientists try to illuminate the politics of the present and predict those of the future.
-
-----
-'''Topics''':
-* [[Political science]] (General)
-** [[Political scientist]]s
-** [[Politics]]
-* [[Political theory]]
-** Theories of state
-*** [[Anarchism]]
-*** [[Anarcho-capitalism]]
-*** [[Capitalism]]
-*** [[Communism]]
-*** [[Conservatism]]
-*** [[Corporocracy]]
-*** [[Democracy]]
-*** [[Fascism]]
-*** [[Political liberalism|Liberalism]]
-*** [[Libertarianism]]
-*** [[Libertarian socialism]]
-*** [[Marxism]]
-*** [[Minarchism]]
-*** [[Nationalism]]
-*** [[National Socialism]]
-*** [[Oligarchy]]
-*** [[Patriotism]]
-*** [[Republicanism]]
-*** [[Socialism]]
-*** [[Sovereignty]]
-** Sector-Based Ideologies
-*** [[Masculism]]
-*** [[Feminism]]
-** [[Political philosophy]]
-*** [[The justification of the state]]
-*** [[Anarchism and natural law theory]]
-*** [[Social contract theories]]
-*** [[Consequentialist justifications of the state]]
-*** [[The purpose of government]]
-***[[Forms of state]]
-** [[Theories of Political Behavior]]
-*** [[Game theory]]
-*** [[Stress and political decision-making|Psychodynamics of Decision-making]]
-** [[Political theorist|Political Theorists]]
-* [[State]]
-** [[Forms of government]]
-** Political Entities
-*** [[City]]
-*** [[Country]]
-*** [[Government]]
-*** [[Republic]]
-*** [[State]]
-** [[Three powers of the State]]
-*** [[Executive power]]
-*** [[Legislative power]]
-*** [[Judicial power]]
-** Three branches of government
-*** [[Executive branch]]
-*** [[Legislative branch]]
-*** [[Judicial branch]]
-** [[Political parties]]
-* [[Law]]
-** [[International law]]
-* [[Election|Elections]]
-** [[Voting system]]s
-** [[Electoral Reform]]
-** [[Bioregional democracy]]
-** [[Proportional representation]]
-** [[Tactical voting]]
-* Miscellaneous
-** [[International organization]]
-** [[Corporate police state]]
-** [[Crony capitalism]]
-** [[European Union]]
-** [[NGO|Non-Governmental Organizations]]
-** [[Police]]
-** [[Propaganda]]
-** [[U.S. Politics]]
-** [[Political spectrum]]
-** [[Party|Political Party]]
-** [[Political parties of the world]]
-** [[Techno-democracy]]
-
-** [[Techno-oligarchy]]
-** [[collective intelligence]]
-** [[anti-globalization movement]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:Psychologie]][[pl:Psychologia]]
-'''Psychology''' is an academic discipline and applied profession concerned with the study of and intervention in mental states, processes, and behavioral patterns of humans and, to an extent, of animals (though the study of animal behavior, [[ethology]], is more often regarded a branch of [[biology]] than of psychology). Psychologists also study interactions between individuals and groups of individuals, and between individuals, groups and their environment. Disciplines that are traditionally considered to intersect with psychology are [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], [[biology]], and [[philosophy]], but more recently fields such as [[political science]], [[media studies]] and [[gender studies]] have also come to be seen as closely related to psychology.
-
-Psychologists work in co-operation (and sometimes in competition) with psychiatrists (who are medical doctors who specialise in mental health issues), social workers (most of whom are qualified in various forms of psychological intervention), psychiatric nurses and 'lay' counsellors. Services similar to those provided by psychologists are also often provided by traditional healers and religious counsellors.
-
-The root of the word psychology (psyche) means "soul" in Greek, and psychology was sometimes considered a study of the soul (in a religious sense of this term), though its emergence as a medical discipline can be seen in [[Thomas Willis]]'s reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes").
-
-[[Experimental psychology]], as introduced by [[Wilhelm Wundt]] in 1879 at Leipzig University in Germany, eliminated religious implications from psychology entirely. Today, experimental psychology focuses on observable behavior and the evidence it gives about mental processes. It therefore has little specific to say about such notions as an immaterial, immortal soul. Modern psychology is often called the scientific study of behavior, though (as in [[cognitive psychology]]) its purported object is often not behavior but various [[mental event]]s. There are also now many psychological approaches that attempt to take spiritual and religious issues seriously.
-
-Until about the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy. With the work of Wundt and of his contemporary experimental psychologist [[William James]] (who, himself, questioned the veracity of materialistic psychology in his later work), the field of psychology was slowly but steadily established as a science independent of philosophy. Of course, like all sciences which have broken off from philosophy, purely philosophical questions about the mind are still studied by philosophers; the name of the philosophical subdiscipline which studies those questions is ''[[philosophy of mind]].'' Few universities, journals, or researchers today treat psychology as a branch of philosophy, but there is much disagreement as to whether it should be considered an experimental science. Some academic psychologists are still of the opinion that psychological understanding can only progress through rigorously controlled laboratory experiments, but most now accept that less carefully controlled quantitative methods (such as survey research) as well as qualitative research or equally valuable.
-
-Both psychology and its sister [[psychiatry]] (whose practitioners are medical doctors with a specialty in psychiatry) are criticized by a vocal and well-credentialed (if small) minority in medical and academic circles. These critics call them [[pseudo-science]]s, arguing that their theories, diagnoses and treatments don't hold up under the rigor of the scientific method and that they are not reproducable; others question the appropriateness of applying the scientific method to the study of the human mind and human behavior. A related view is promulgated by some philosophers under the label [[eliminative materialism]]. These challenges to the discipline are, in large part, legitimate and needed, especially when one considers the discipline's growing influence in Western culture and how easy it can be to construct psychological models that are entirely untestable (e.g., Freud's model of the psyche). These concerns seek not to subvert psychology but to strengthen it by the same rigorous inquiry present in other sciences.
-
-Topics in Psychology
-* [[research methods]]
-* the [[brain]] and [[nervous system]]
-* [[the senses]]
-* [[perception]]
-* [[consciousness]]
-* [[learning]]
-* [[memory]]
-* [[cognition]]
-* [[language]] and [[language acquisition]]
-* [[emotion]]
-* [[developmental psychology]]
-* [[personality]]
-* [[sexuality]] and [[gender]]
-* [[psychological testing]]
-* [[motivation]]
-* [[attitude]] and [[social influence]]
-* [[abnormal psychology]]
-* [[psychotherapy]]
-* [[psychopharmacology]]
-* [[applied psychology]]
-* [[mental health disorders]]
-
-Major Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Schools of Thought
-* [[psychoanalysis]]
-* [[behaviorism]]
-* [[Gestalt]]
-* [[introspective]]
-* [[humanism]]
-* [[functionalism]]
-
-Famous Psychologists and Contributors to Psychology
-* [[Alfred Adler]]
-* [[Aristotelis]]
-* [[Aushra Augustinavichute]]
-* [[Albert Bandura]]
-* [[Alfred Binet]]
-* [[John Bradshaw]]
-* [[Jean-Martin Charcot]]
-* [[Erik Erickson]]
-* [[Hans Eysenck]]
-* [[Viktor Frankl]]
-* [[Anna Freud]]
-* [[Sigmund Freud]]
-* [[Erich Fromm]]
-* [[Karen Horney]]
-* [[William James]]
-* [[Arthur Janov]]
-* [[Carl Jung]]
-* [[Alfred Kinsey]]
-* [[Melanie Klein]]
-* [[Wolfgang Köhler]]
-* [[Emil Kraepelin]]
-* [[Elizabeth Kübler-Ross]]
-* [[Jacques Lacan]]
-* [[Abraham Maslow]]
-* [[William Masters and Virginia Johnson]]
-* [[Lloyd deMause]]
-* [[Alice Miller]]
-* [[Ivan Pavlov]]
-* [[Fritz Perls]]
-* [[Jean Piaget]]
-* [[James W. Prescott]]
-* [[Otto Rank]]
-* [[Hermann Rorschach]]
-* [[Virginia Satir]]
-* [[Morita Shoma]]
-* [[B. F. Skinner]]
-* [[Robert Sternberg]]
-* [[Carl Rogers]]
-* [[Liev S. Vygotski]]
-* [[Wilhelm Wundt]]
-
-Divisions and Approaches in Psychology (these might be overlapping, of course)
-* [[analytical psychology]]
-* [[behavioral psychology]]
-* [[cognitive psychology]]
-* [[clinical psychology]] and [[counseling psychology]]
-* [[critical psychology]]
-* [[developmental psychology]]
-* [[educational psychology]]
-* [[evolutionary psychology]]
-* [[experimental psychology]]
-* [[health psychology]]
-* [[individual differences psychology]]
-* [[industrial and organizational psychology]]
-* [[medicinal psychology]]
-* [[personality psychology]]
-* [[pop psychology]], [[self-help]], and [[alternative therapy]]
-* [[positive psychology]]
-* [[psychoanalysis]]
-* [[psychohistory]]
-* [[psychometrics]]
-* [[psychotherapy]] a branch of [[psychiatry]] as well.
-* [[social psychology]]
-
-Some related disciplines:
-* [[psychometrics]]
-* [[cognitive science]]
-* [[computer science]]
-* [[ethology]]
-* [[linguistics]] and especially [[psycholinguistics]]
-* [[literature]], [[literary theory]], and [[critical theory]]
-* [[neuroscience]]
-* [[parapsychology]]
-* [[philosophy of mind]]
-* [[philosophy of psychology]]
-* [[game theory]]
-* [[hypnotherapy]]
-* [[system theory]]
-* [[simplicity theory]]
-* [[complexity theory]]
-* [[artifical consciousness]]
-* [[sociology]]
-* [[economics]] and [[marketing]]
-* [[history]]
-* [[Neurolinguistic Programming ]]
-* [[Socionics]]
-
-
-External links:
-* [http://www.sonoma.edu/psychology/psychart.html Pictures of famous psychologists]
-* [http://www.psychology.org/ Encyclopedia of Psychology]
-
-* [http://www.apa.org American Psychological Association]
-* [http://www.psych.org American Psychiatric Association]
-
-* [http://www.apa.org/monitor/dec99/toc.html A Century of Psychology (APA)]
-* [http://www.psipesquisa.com.br PsiPesquisa Search Engime in Portuguese]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Publikaferoj]]
-''Public affairs'' is a catch-all term that includes [[public policy]] as well as [[public administration]], both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of [[political science]] as well as [[economics]].
-
-Public policy discussions are generally and consciously partisan, and we assume that participants in public policy discussion have a specific point of view which they seek to advance in the discussion.
-
-Public affairs, on the other hand, generally claims to be non-partisan.
-It focuses on providing news and information without a conscious point of view.
-
-[[Social activism]] involves popular action and commentary on public affairs, as well as [[civil defense]], and [[community emergency response team]]s.
+++ /dev/null
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-'''Recreation''' is refreshment of one's body or mind. Recreation is often distinguished from [[leisure]]. Where leisure is, or ought to be, restful, recreation is refreshing and diverting.
-
-[[Music]] and [[dance]] serve as recreation in many cultures, as do [[sports]] and [[hobbies]] and sometimes [[food and drink]].
-
-We sometimes use drugs as a form of recreation (see [[recreational drug use]])--and, like dancing, [[sex]], [[nudism]], and other forms of recreation which many people treat as illicit.
-
-The [[weekend]] is typically a time for recreation, perhaps (in [[Judeo-Christian_tradition|Judeo-Christian]] and Muslim cultures) because the [[Sabbath]] falls on the weekend and the Sabbath is "the day of rest." [[Holiday]]s are also a common time for recreation.
-
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-[[af:Religie]][[ca:Religió]][[de:Religion]][[eo:Religio]][[es:Religión]][[fr:Religion]][[nl:Religie]][[pl:Religia]][[pt:Religião]]
-The word '''religion''' comes from the [[latin]] word ''ligare'': to join, or link, classically understood to mean the linking of human and divine. What constitutes a religion is subject to much dispute in the field of [[theology]] and among ordinary people. We might begin by defining religion as a system of [[belief]]s based on humanity's attempt to explain the [[universe]] and [[natural phenomenon|natural phenomena]], often involving one or more [[deity|deities]] or other [[supernatural]] forces. Religious adherents tend to gather together to celebrate holy days and to [[pray]], but solitary practice is also usually just as important. Most religions also have a code of [[law]]s to be followed, like the [[Ten Commandments]] of [[Old Testament]], and some have specific texts they hold as sacred, and totally different from other writings.
-
-Two identifying features of all religions are that to some extent they all (a) require [[faith]] and (b) seek to organise and guide the thoughts and actions of their adherents. Because of this, some people contend that all religions are to some degree both irrational and dogmatic, and are therefore to be distrusted. As they see it, a system of thought that is purely rational would be a [[science]] rather than a religion, and a system that is not in the least dogmatic would be unable to guide its adherents in any way.
-
-Many Western people nowadays prefer to use the term '[[spirituality]]' for their position. This reflects a disillusion with organised religion which unless it stays small scale, must grapple with worldly pressures of power and economics where ideals so often become corrupted. [[Priest|Priesthoods]] and [[monastery|monasteries]] frequently show increasingly low recruitment. Studies in the [[UK]] show a fast diminishing attendance at [[church|churches]], [[synagogue]]s etc (except among charismatics) and throw up worried media articles on the decline of religion today. However, studies that look further and examine people's beliefs and practices without defining religion strictly in terms of organisation membership, find that spiritual beliefs are flourishing, and often extend to cherished family and community customs. New variations of religions are being constantly generated, showing that the religious impulse is not dying, but taking new forms.
-
-There are several scientific approaches to religion to answer questions such as why religious belief is ubiquitous in every society. In [[neurology]], work by scientists such as Ramachandran and his colleagues from the [[University of California]] at [[San Diego]] [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web2/Eguae.html] has found evidence of brain circuitry in the temporal lobe that gives rises to religious experiences. In [[sociology]], [[Rodney Stark]] has looked at the social forces that have caused religions to grow and the features of religions that have been most successful. In [[evolutionary psychology]], scientists consider the survival advantages that religion might have had in the hunter-gatherer societies.
-
-Religions are systems of belief which typically deal with
-*the divine, the sacred and the [[supernatural]],
-*our purpose as beings, on earth, in this life and possible other states of being,
-*what happens to us when we die and how to prepare for that,
-*the nature of [[Deity]] (or Deities) (cf [[God]]) and what She, He, They, It wants from us,
-*our relationships with Deity(-ies), the sacred, ancestors, other people, and the world around us, that is, how to behave well in relationship.
-
-The following three types of religion are helpful, but should not be read as completely distinct as they do share in each other's characteristics.
-*[[Theism|Theistic]] religions are primarily focused on a Deity(-ies) and begin when Deity intervenes in the lives of a person or group, enlightening them and establishing a superior way of life leading to internal peace in this life, and qualification for some kind of [[Heaven]] after this life. Examples of monotheisms (one Deity religions): [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].
-*Some faiths, perhaps "Spiritual Philosophies" begin with practical teachings on achieving human happiness or equanimity in the context of both earthly and other dimensions. Examples: [[Buddhism]],[[Taoism]], and [[Confucianism]].
-*A third type, perhaps "Traditional Religions" which seems to involve the oldest religions, evolves slowly over long millennia, and is centered more on [[symbol]], [[icon]], sacred story and customs. These sorts of sources can be interpreted very differently at different times and places: an image can even mean contradictory things to different interpreters. [[Hinduism]] is one example of this type, although most Hinduisms are theistic. Further examples are the many kinds of [[Shamanism]] and [[Ancestor religion]]s.
-
-Religions deal with the (more or less) divergent [[lifestyle|lifestyles]] espoused by other religions in several ways. Religions with a duty to convert, or with more closed sets of beliefs typically label all others wrong, corruptions or counterfeits of the true faith. More open religions praise all belief systems as beneficial, and among open religions it is often possible to practice more than one faith together with integrity, as occurs commonly in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].
-
-Some religions have [[charismatic]] leaders, such as [[Jesus Christ]], [[Martin Luther]], [[Billy Graham]], [[Mohandas Gandhi]], [[Joseph Smith]], [[Muhammad]], the [[Buddha]], etc. These '''leaders''' may be the central figure in the religion, like Muhammad, Jesus or Buddha. Or they might be founders, like Martin Luther. Or they may be merely prominent persons like Billy Graham--who is an influential speaker but not the head of a large organization or movement.
-
-=== Origin of religion ===
-
-The origin of religion in general and for particular religions is usually controversial, since religions often claim to have been derived directly from information supplied by god(s) to chosen human messenger(s). Followers of the religion (by definition) accept the claims, either literally or in a metaphorical, or partial fashion. Although followers of a religion, although they may hold strong belief, may also be interested in looking at possible human origins for religious events, together with non-religious enquirers.
-
-Religion was practiced long before the [[invention]] of writing, as paintings and pottery shows in images. Indeed, heavy deposits of pollen in [[Neanderthal]] graves suggest that even these early humans buried their dead along with flowers. Stories ('texts') passed orally between people and from one generation to the next. Religion may well have originated in stories created to account for the great questions of life, for comfort, to keep records of a people's history, and for entertainment. Stories in traditional societies unite adults and children in community, although it is possible that [[atheism|atheists]] (those who believe there is no Deity) or [[agnosticism|agnostics]] (those who believe we cannot know if there is a Deity) always existed as well. Evidence of very early human prehistory is scanty and it is best not to over interpret [[archaeology|archaeological]] remains: for example it is generally thought that bones painted with red ochre (a red mud thay may link to blood colour to symbolize life) and buried with personal possessions, suggest a belief in an [[afterlife]]. It could also be because using the dead person's possessions was believed to be bad luck. For a more contemporary example, consider a future archaeologist digging the remains of a [[Star Wars]] fan's bedroom and the possible erroneous interpretations of such a find.
-
-Evidence for early civilisation's religious ideas can be found similarly in elaborate burial practices in which valuable objects were left with the deceased, intended for use in an afterlife or to appease the gods. This custom has clearer motives as it is usually accompanied by tomb paintings showing a belief of [[afterlife]]. It reached a spectacular form with the creation of the [[pyramids of Giza]] and the other great tombs of ancient [[Egypt]]; the [[Sumeria|Sumerian]] royal burials, and other prehistoric (pre-written records) monument builders.
-
-Religions created in modern times are often reasonably well documented (e.g., [[Scientology]].) Minor religions have been called '[[cult|cults]]' and still are, while many scholars use the term [[New Religious Movement]] (NRM). Reasons for the creation of religions are many, including a range from [[idealism]] to a desire to obtain wealth and power over others; the two may combine in interesting ways. It's easy to speculate that similar forces were at work in the creation of earlier religions. Once a religious community increases in size and gains widespread recognition, it has to negotiate with the governing social group, the [[State]]. At this point material or political ambitions are more likely to be dominant.
-
-Hostility to religion can have various reasons. [[Karl Marx]] famously defined religion as a social opiate, and from outside it certainly appears to operate as such, but wholesale condemnation overlooks the great numbers and scale of visionary inspirations that religions provide for compassion, practical charity and moral restraint.
-When [[war|wars]] are aggravated or caused by religious issues they tend to be worse in their atrocities. Yet [[Abram Maslow|Abram Maslow's]] research after [[World War II]] showed that [[Holocaust]] survivors tended to be those who held strong religious beliefs (not necessarily temple attendance etc). Humanistic [[Psychology]] went on to investigate how religious or spiritual identity links with longer lifespan and better health. Humans may particularly need religious ideas because they serve various emotional needs such as the need to feel loved, the need to belong to homogenous groups, the need for understandable explanations or the need for justice.
-
-=== Religion vs. Mythology ===
-
-Ancient [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religions, such as those of [[Greek mythology|ancient Greece]], [[Roman mythology|ancient Rome]], [[Norse mythology|the Vikings]], etc., are often studied under the heading of ''[[mythology]].'' Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or [[culture|cultures]] in development to industrial conditions, are similarly observed by the [[anthropology]] of religions. Mythology can be a term used pejoratively by religious and non-religious people both (the religious person will in this case define another religion's stories as mythology). Here myths are treated as fantasies, or 'mere' stories. But the study of religions, and the investigation of myths by psychology, not to mention how some myths turn out to have historical verification, has brought about a mixed, almost contradictory use of the term: some NRMs (New Religious Movements) such as [[Neopaganism]] actively research and use myths from older religions, both those that still exist and those that have disappeared.
-
-=== Monotheism vs. Polytheism ===
-
-The dominance of [[monotheism]] among influential Western scholars of religion, and theologians, proposed a division into monotheistic and [[polytheism|polytheistic]] faiths. The classification fails with a religion that has no concept of "god" (like [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]]). Many people both inside and outside of [[Christianity]] find its claim to be monotheistic problematic since it has more than one god form, (God as Father, Son and [[Holy Spirit]]), explained in the doctrine of the [[Trinity]]. This has resulted in much ingenious Christian theology. The monotheism of [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] is much more clearcut, although very early sources for both [[Allah]] and [[Yahweh]] show signs of polytheistic origins or forerunners, which does not at all deny or contradict their sole Deity status once the religion became established. [[Neopaganism]], a religion generally considered to be polytheistic, is also difficult to classify neatly. While adherents worship a diverse pantheon of gods and goddesses, a great many of them believe those personalities to be facets of a single Divine entity.
-
-Some religions have secondary deities, which is straightforward in eg Hinduism, but less so for those Christians who venerate [[The Virgin Mary|Mary]] as Theotokos (Mother of God). Mary has often attracted such a massive devotion by the faithful that the Church has been careful to clearly define her status: Christians in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions are instructed that she is to be venerated but not worshipped, and that [[Jesus Christ]] is eternally begotten of the Father, and the Creator of his strictly human mother. (see also: [[Third Ecumenical Council]], [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]].) Many [[mysticism|mystics]] have asserted the female aspect of Deity but apart from Hinduism this has not been regarded as mainstream by major world religions for several centuries. Goddess is routinely recognised in Hindu Mahadevi, Mahayana Buddhism, Western Paganism and Goddess Spirituality.
-
-Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity, [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, and most Hinduisms, also recognize the existence of lesser spiritual beings: angels and demons, but they are not worshipped as gods. In Christian [[Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], Mary and the [[saint|saints]] have especially important roles as intermediaries and personal guardians. They are divine only in that they have been reunited with God. Mahayana Buddhism's lesser deities embody psychological forces, whether as guides, examples or antagonists with whom to learn power and skill. The division between Deity, deity, minor deity, angel, demon, nature spirit, ancestor or hero, is not clearcut, but developed pragmatically.
-
-=== Non-religious religion ===
-
-Deities both great and lesser are part of practices like transcendental psychology (which looks at the psychology of the spiritual) and [[therapy|therapies]] like Jungianism. [[Jung]] found an underworld of mythological drama in the backstage areas of the mind: in particular, he proposed that our ideas and feelings are shaped by spiritual [[archetype]]s, eternal models such as God, the Old Man, or the Mother. The [[New Age Movement]], a late [[20th century]] culture of eclectic beliefs in millennial change, healing traditions, alternative realities, also draws on these mythological images.
-
-But it is important to distinguish a spiritual psychology that explores a map of the self, which goes so deep and far that it recognises divine shapes, from a religion or spirituality that explores a ''relationship'' between human self and an Other, the divine. The distinction asks whether there is dialogue between two or more with genuine voice and influence coming from the other (Martin [[Buber]]'s ''I and Thou''), or whether there is a journey in which the self encounters profound symbolic experiences. As the opening definition tells us, religion is about linking.
-----
-See also: [[Goddess]] - [[God]] - [[interfaith organizations]] [[names given to the divine]] - [[Religion index]] - [[Philosophy of religion]] - [[Sociology of Religion]] - [[Theology]] - [[Feminist theology]] - [[Thealogy]] - [[History of religions]] - [[Definition of religion]] - [[Charismatics]] - [[Religious pluralism]] - [[Tolerance]] - [[freedom of religion]] - [[Afterlife]], [[Angel]], [[Demon]], [[Demonolatry]] - [[History of religions]] - [[Henks Comparative Sacred Reading]] - [[Mystery religion]]
-
-See also this listing of various religions: [[religions of the world]]
-
-=== External Links ===
-
-* [http://www.adherents.com/ Statistics on Religions]
-* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ Religious Tolerance]
-
+++ /dev/null
-'''Sculpture''' is any three-dimensional form created as an artistic expression.
-''Sculpting'' is the [[art]] of assembling or shaping an object. It may be of any size and of any suitable material. Traditional sculpting materials are: stone (e.g. marble, limestone, granite), clay (e.g. porcelain, terracotta), metal (e.g. bronze, iron, [[aluminum]]), and [[wood,as a medium|wood]]. [[modern art|Modern]] and Contemporary materials include the environment, textiles, [[glass]], [[sand]], water, liquid crystals, many other man-made materials, as well as any found-objects. (In his late writings [[Joan Miro]] even proposed that some day sculptures might be made of gases (see [[gas sculpture]]).)
-
-Some of the forms of sculpture are:
-*[[Relief]] - sculpture still attached to a background, standing out from that ground in "High Relief" or "Low Relief" (bas-relief)
-*Free-standing sculpture
-*[[Mobile]] (See also [[Alexander Calder|Calder]]'s Stabiles.)
-*[[Statue]]
-*[[Bust]]
-*[[Site-Specific]]
-
-[[Famous Sculptors]]
-
-'''External links:'''
-*http://www.sculptor.org
-*http://www.sculpture.org
-* Unique mediums: (Sand) http://www.teamsandtastic.com
-* http://www.greenmuseum.org The online museum of environmental art.
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Soziologie]][[eo:Sociologio]][[fr:Sociologie]][[nl:Sociologie]][[pl:Socjologia]]
-'''Sociology''' is the study of human beings in their social context. For much more, please link to:
-http://www.angelfire.com/or/sociologyshop/socsnip.html
-
-The term was coined by [[Auguste Comte]], who hoped to unify all studies of humankind--including history, psychology and economics. His own sociological scheme was typical of the [[18th century]]; he believed all human life had passed through the same distinct historical stages and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills.
-
-The Sociology of today is often far less grand. It is the study of humankind's organizations and social institutions, largely by a comparative method. It has concentrated on the organization of complex [[Industry|industrial]] societies (in the early 20th century, sociologists and psychologists who conducted research in non-industrial societies contributed to the development of [[anthropology]]. It should be noted, however, that anthropologists also conducted research in industrial societies. Today sociology and anthropology are better contrasted according to different theoretical concerns and methods rather than objects of study).
-
-A distinction should be made between these and forensic studies within these disciplines, particularly where anatomy is involved. These latter studies might be better named as Forensic psychology.
-
-See also: [[criminology]], [[disabilities]], [[media studies]], [[Milgram experiment]], [[sociobiology]], [[sociologist]] [[culture]] [[political economy]] [[social change]]
-
-Influential sociologists: [[Auguste Comte]], [[Emile Durkheim]], [[Max Weber]], [[Georg Simmel]], [[Alfred Schutz]], [[George Herbert Mead]], [[W. I. Thomas]], [[Talcott Parsons]], [[Robert K. Merton]], [[Erving Goffman]], [[C. Wright Mills]] [[Thorstein Veblen]] [[Anthony Giddens]]
-
-Influences on sociology: [[Karl Marx]], [[Henry Maine]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Ferdinand Saussure]], [[Claude Levi-Strauss]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Jurgen Habermas]]
-
-Branches of sociology: [[Sociology of Religion]], [[Industrial Sociology]] [[Mass Media]] [[Revolution]] [[Social Movements]] [[Social Change]] [[Environmental Sociology]] [[Economic Sociology]] [[Political Sociology]] [[Gender & Sexuality]] [[Education]] [[Theory]] [[Culture]] [[Deviance]] [[Comparative Historical]] [[Race & Ethnicity]] [[Work]]
+++ /dev/null
-[[ca:Esports]][[de:Sport]][[eo:Sporto]][[fr:Sport]][[nl:Sport]][[pl:Sport]]
-
-Defining '''sport''' is difficult; the term constantly evolves to cover new ranges of human behavior. Indeed, the well-known philosopher [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] argues that sports are defined, not by a set of common characteristics, but by new activities sharing some common aspects with existing sports, but not necessarily sharing any common characteristics with all. Credence to this comment may be taken from the ever-more-diverse set of activities that are at least claimed by some as sports - from [[chess]] to [[cheerleading]], from [[sheepdog trials]] to [[ballroom dancing]]. What do all of those activities have in common?
-
-However, many of the above would not be recognised as sports by fans of more traditionally-recognised sports, and using Wittgenstein's "extension" approach it would be quite reasonable to claim a "battle of the bands" competition as a sporting event and thus playing [[rock and roll]] as a sport, a definition which makes "sport" so broad as to be potentially useless and quite different to the common understanding, fuzzy though that may be.
-
-A more pragmatic approach to defining sport may be to look at common usage of the term. It was originally used to describe the animal and bird-killing activities (such as shooting, fishing and [[fox hunting]]) of the English aristocracy, whereas the precursors of modern team sports played by the lower classes were termed "games". However, as time progressed, perhaps with the beginnings of the modern Olympic movement in the late 19th century, "sport" began to be used to describe a wide range of athletic pursuits. However, sport retained, and still retains an implication of respectability and seriousness that a mere "game" or "hobby" does not, and organisations responsible for leisure activities continually seek recognition as sports by joining sports federations such as the [[IOC]]. These bodies are seemingly fairly inclusive as to what they are prepared to accept as sports, and thus the activities listed above, amongst others, have been accepted.
-
-However, it is possible to make a reasonable operational definition of sport using characteristics most sports do have in common. Such an operational definition can be found below:
-
-* Sports are activities based around physical activity, involving use of characteristics such as strength, stamina, speed, and dexterity.
-* A sport has codified rules known to all players. These vary somewhat depending on the location, timing, and specific event (for instances, [[golf]] courses have specific local bylaws, and each tournament may have its own special conditions), but there are a core of relatively invariant, agreed rules.
-* A sport involves a competitive aspect, either explicitly by competing against other participants, or by means of an ordinal (usually numeric) scoring system. There are organised competitions for the sport, rather than purely ad-hoc, casual competitions.
-* Sport is performed primarily for the enjoyment of either or both of the participants and/or any audience watching.
-* The primary goal of competition is to win according to the rules of the competition, rather than as a subsidiary to esthetic, artistic, or financial achievements in the performance of the sport (thus excluding the "battle of the bands" or a sheep-shearing competition).
-* Sport is unscripted and the results of competitions not prearranged. Sports such as [[gymnastics]] involve set routines, but the scoring of those routines is judged entirely on the performance of that day.
-
-[[Sport/What is a sport|What is a sport]]
-
-[[History of Sport]]
-
-* Paleontological evidence for prehistoric sports (is there any)?
-* The sports of ancient civilizations:
-** Egyptian
-** Greek (Olympics, etc.)
-** Mayan
-** Australian Aboriginal (Aussie rules believed to be derived from Aboriginal game)
-** Roman
-** Chinese
-** Any others?
-* Medieval sports - the aristocracy and the plebs
-* The great rule codification of the 19th century and the rise of spectator sports
-* 20th century and the electronic media and the growth of professional sport
-* The recent rise in "extreme"/adventure sports, growth of divergent participant and spectator sports.
-
-Feel free to fill these in, or add more dot points, or reorganise totally.
-
-=== Aspects of Sport ===
-
-* [[Sports/Events]]
-* [[Sport/Governing bodies]]
-* [[Sporting venues]]
-* [[sponsorship]]
-* [[sports equipment]]
-* [[sports injuries]]
-* [[sports marketing]]
-* [[spectator sport]]
-* [[multi-sport events]]
-* [[sports art]]
-* [[sport in film]]
-* [[sporting club]]
-* [[Disabled sports]]
-* [[Sports history organizations]]
-* [[Fantasy sports]]
-
-=== Sports ===
-
-An attempt to list the most important sports, divided by category. (Many more sports to be added). Note that some sports may fit in more than one category, but are only listed in one.
-
-==== Athletics ====
-Track and field [[athletics]].
-* [[Jumping]]
-** [[Triple jump]]
-** [[Long jump]]
-** [[High jump]]
-* [[Running]]
-* [[Throwing]]
-** [[Discus]]
-** [[Hammer throw]]
-** [[Javelin]]
-** [[shotput]]
-* [[Walking]]
-
-==== Animal Sports ====
-Sports in which animals play a role.
-* [[Camel racing]]
-* [[Equestrianism]]
-* [[Greyhound racing]]
-* [[Pigeon sport]]
-
-==== Combat Sports ====
-Sport in which the athletes fight each other.
-* [[Aikido]]
-* [[Boxing]]
-* [[Fencing]]
-* [[Judo]]
-* [[Ju-jitsu]]
-* [[Karate]]
-* [[Sambo]]
-* [[Sumo]]
-* [[Taekwondo]]
-* [[Wrestling]]
-* [[Wushu]]
-
-==== Cycling ====
-Sports using [[bicycle]]s.
-* [[BMX]]
-* [[Cycloball]]
-* [[Cyclocross]]
-* [[Mountain bicycling]]
-* [[Road cycling]]
-* [[Track cycling]]
-
-==== [[Extreme sports]] ====
-* [[Skateboarding]]
-* [[Wakeboarding]]
-
-==== Gymnastics ====
-Gymnastic sports.
-* [[Aerobics]]
-* [[Acrobatics]]
-* [[Artistic gymnastics]]
-* [[Rhythmic gymnastics]]
-* [[Trampolining]]
-
-==== Motorized Sports ====
-Sports based on motorized vehicles.
-* [[Autosport]]
-* [[Motorboat racing]]
-* [[Motorcycle racing]]
-
-==== Other ====
-Sports not in any of the other categories.
-* [[BASE jumping]]
-* [[Bungee jumping]]
-* [[Dance sport]]
-* [[Disabled sports]]
-* [[Foosball]]
-* [[Modern pentathlon]]
-* [[Triathlon]]
-
-==== Outdoor Sports ====
-Sports not based on a specific field.
-* [[Aerobatics]]
-* [[Aeromodelling]]
-* [[Ballooning]]
-* [[Casting (sport)|Casting]]
-* [[Flying disc]]
-* [[Gliding]]
-* [[Hang gliding]]
-* [[Mountaineering]]
-* [[Orienteering]]
-* [[Parachuting]]
-* [[Paragliding]]
-* [[Skydiving]]
-* [[Sled-dog sports]]
-* [[Sport fishing]]
-
-==== Power Sports ====
-Sports mainly based on sheer power.
-* [[Bodybuilding]]
-* [[Powerlifting]]
-* [[Tug of war]]
-* [[Weightlifting]]
-
-==== Racket Sports ====
-Sports where players use rackets to hit a ball or other object.
-* [[Badminton]]
-* [[Racquetball]]
-* [[Royal tennis]]
-* [[Soft tennis]]
-* [[Squash]]
-* [[Table tennis]]
-* [[Tennis]]
-
-==== Skating ====
-Sports in which skates are used.
-* [[Figure skating]]
-* [[Roller hockey]]
-* [[Roller skating]]
-* [[Short-track speed skating]]
-* [[Speed skating]]
-* [[Synchronized skating]]
-
-==== Skiing ====
-Sports in which [[Ski|skis]] or [[Snowboard|snowboards]] are used.
-* [[Alpine skiing]]
-* [[Back-country skiing]]
-* [[Biathlon]]
-* [[Cross country skiing]]
-* [[Firngleiten]]
-* [[Freestyle skiing]]
-* [[Grass skiing]]
-* [[Nordic combined]]
-* [[Roller skiing]]
-* [[Skibob]]
-* [[Skijoring]]
-* [[Ski jumping]]
-* [[Ski touring]]
-* [[Snowboarding]]
-* [[Speed skiing]]
-* [[Telemark skiing]]
-
-==== Sleighing ====
-Sports that use sleighs.
-* [[Bobsleigh]]
-* [[Land luge]]
-* [[Luge]]
-* [[Skeleton]]
-
-==== Target Sports ====
-Sports where the main objective is to hit a certain target.
-* [[Archery]]
-* [[Billiards]]
-* [[Bocce]]
-* [[Bowling]]
-* [[Croquet]]
-* [[Curling]]
-* [[Darts]]
-* [[Golf]]
-* [[Disc golf]]
-* [[Horseshoe throwing]]
-* [[Petanque]]
-* [[Shooting]]
-
-==== Team Sports ====
-Sports that involve teams.
-* [[American football]]
-* [[Australian rules football]]
-* [[Bandy]]
-* [[Baseball]]
-* [[Basketball]]
-* [[Basque pelota]]
-* [[Cricket]]
-* [[Curling]]
-* [[Faustball]]
-* [[Floorball]]
-* [[Football]]
-* [[Gaelic football]]
-* [[Handball]]
-* [[Hockey]]
-* [[Hurling]]
-* [[Ice hockey]]
-* [[Kabaddi]]
-* [[Korfball]]
-* [[Lacrosse]]
-* [[Netball]]
-* [[Petanque]]
-* [[Polo]]
-* [[Roller Hockey]]
-* [[Rugby]]
-* [[Sepak Takraw]]
-* [[Softball]]
-* [[Volleyball]]
-* [[Ultimate]] ([[frisbee]])
-
-==== [[Mind sport|Mind Sports]] ====
-Sports that involve no physical abilities, only mental.
-* [[Bridge game|Bridge]]
-* [[Chess]]
-* [[Poker]]
-* [[Go (board game)|Go]]
-* [[Scrabble]]
-* [[Shogi]]
-
-==== Water Sports ====
-Sports that happen in or on the water.
-* [[Canoeing]]
-* [[Diving]]
-* [[Dragon Boat]]
-* [[Offshore Powerboat racing]]
-* [[Surf lifesaving]]
-* [[Rowing]]
-* [[Subaquatics]]
-* [[Surfing]]
-* [[Swimming]]
-* [[Synchronized swimming]]
-* [[Wakeboarding]]
-* [[Water polo]]
-* [[Water skiing]]
-* [[Yachting]]
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[nl:Statistiek]][[pl:Statystyka]]
-:"There are lies, damn lies, and then there are Statistics." - Mark Twain
-
-'''Statistics''' is the science of
-#[[Planning Research|planning observations]],
-#[[Descriptive statistics|summarizing statistical data]], and
-#[[Statistical inference|interpreting statistical data]].
-
-'''Topics:'''
-:[[Statistical theory|Theory]] -- [[Applied statistics|Applied]] -- [[Descriptive statistics|Descriptive]] -- [[statistical inference|Inference]] -- [[Probability and statistics]] -- [[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA) -- [[Multivariate statistics|Multivariate]]
-
-'''External links'''
-[http://www.r-project.org/ The R Project for Statistical Computing]
-
-'''See also:'''
-* [[Extreme value theory]] -- [[Data mining]]
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Teknologio]][[fr:Technologie]][[nl:Technologie]]
-'''Technology''' is the field that applies science to solve problems with an industrial and/or commercial end in mind. '''Engineering''' applies human traits such as [[imagination]], [[judgement]], [[integrity]], and [[intellectual discipline]] to existing human [[knowledgebase]]s to [[create]] or [[utilize]] technology [[safely]] and [[efficiently]].
-
-For example: All buildings require the use of technology of some sort.
-A persistent [[Art|artistic]] expression requires materials to be formed, and exactly how to create those materials requires some rudimentary understanding of their chemical and physical properties. [[Architecture]] requires an understanding of the effects of [[weather]] and other natural forces, in addition to some knowledge of the strengths of the materials used.
-
-The term ''technology'' is usually used to explain new inventions and gadgets using recently derived scientific principles and processes. However, even very old inventions such as the [[wheel]] are, technically speaking, technology.
-
-Early or prehistoric advances in technology or fundamental tools.
-
-* [[Agriculture]]
-* [[Astronomy]]
-* [[Animal husbandry]]
-* [[Cattle breeding]]
-* [[Cooking]]
-* [[Clothing]]
-* [[Fire]]
-* [[Inclined plane]]
-* [[Metal mining]]
-* [[Lever]]
-* [[Pottery]]
-* [[Pulley]]
-* [[Screw]]
-* [[Wedge]]
-* [[Wheel]]
-* [[Writing]]
-
-More recent tools that are fundamental to modern technology
-* [[Clock]]
-* [[Compass]]
-* [[Sextant]]
-
-Modern major fields of technology.
-
-* [[Acoustics]]
-** [[Analog recording]]
-** [[Digital recording]]
-
-* [[Biotechnology]]
-
-* [[Computing]]
-** [[Computer hardware]]
-*** [[Home computers]]
-*** [[Routing]]
-** [[Software]]
-*** [[Geographic Information System]]
-*** [[Invention machine]]
-*** [[Speech recognition]]
-** [[Computer network]]
-** [[Programmable logic controller]] or PLC
-** [[Calculators]]
-
-*[[Cryptology]]
-*[[Cryptography]]
-
-* [[Electricity]]
-** [[Electricity generation]]
-** [[Power transmission]]
-** [[Power control]]
-** [[Electric motor]]
-** [[Resistance]]
-** [[Inductance]]
-** [[Capacitance]]
-** [[Electric light bulb]]
-
-* [[Electronics]]
-** [[Relay]]
-** [[Vacuum tube]]
-** [[Semiconductor]]
-*** [[Diode]]
-*** [[Transistor]]
-*** [[Integrated circuit]]s or IC's
-**** [[Very Large System Integration]] or VLSI integration
-**** [[System-on-a-chip]]
-
-* [[energy storage|Energy storage]]
-
-* [[Instrumentation]]
-
-* [[Measuring instrument]]
-
-* [[Metallurgy]]
-
-
-* [[Microtechnology]]
-** [[Microfluidics]]
-** [[Microphotonics]]
-
-* [[machine|Machinery]] and [[mechanism|Mechanisms]]
-** [[Clock]]
-*** [[chronometer]]
-*** [[Pendulum clock]]
-*** [[Quartz clock]]
-*** [[Atomic clock]]
-** [[Wedge]]
-** [[Lever]]
-** [[Screw]]
-** [[Steam engine]]
-** [[Internal combustion engine]]
-*** [[Gasoline/Petrol engine]]
-*** [[Diesel engine]]
-*** [[Four stroke cycle]]
-*** [[Two stroke cycle]]
-*** [[Wankel engine]]
-** [[Turbine]]
-*** [[jet engine]]
-*** [[Steam turbine]]
-*** [[Gas turbine]]
-*** [[Water turbine]]
-*** [[Air turbine]]
-** [[compressor|Compressors]] and [[pump|Pumps]]
-*** [[Archimedes screw]]
-*** [[Hydraulic ram]]
-*** [[Vacuum pump]]
-*** [[Eductor-jet pump]]
-*** [[Tuyau]]
-
-* [[Nanotechnology]]
-* [[nuclear reactor|Nuclear reactor]]
-
-* [[Space Technology]] Introduction and index of further specific topics in this field.
-
-* [[Transport]]
-* [[Telecommunication]]
-** [[Telegraph]]
-** [[Telephone]]
-** [[Radio]]
-** [[Television]]
-** [[Submarine cable]]
-** [[Communication satellite]]
-* [[Telemetry]]
-
-* [[Cooking technology]]
-** [[Oven]]
-*** [[Microwave oven]]
-* [[Blender]]
-* [[Food processor]]
-* [[Mixer]]
-* [[Barbeque]]
-* [[Refrigerator]]
-** [[freezer]]
-* [[Can]]
-
-* Domestic technology
-** [[Vacuum cleaner]]
-** [[Mop]]
-** [[Broom]]
-** [[Mower]]
-
-* [[Nuclear technology]]
-
-** Nuclear Power
-*** Fission
-*** Fusion
-*** Antimatter
-*** Radioisotope Thermal Electric
-
-** [[Nuclear weapon]]
-** Nuclear Medicine
-** X-Rays
-
-* [[weapon|Weapons]]
-**[[Nuclear weapon]]
-
-* [[Visual technology]]
-** [[Photography]]
-** [[Video]]
-** [[Printing]]
-
-'''[[Concepts in Technology]]'''
-* [[The Singularity]]
-* [[Emergent Philosophies]]
-* [[Transhumanism]]
-* [[Posthumanism]]
+++ /dev/null
-[[de:Spiele]][[eo:Teatro]][[nl:Kleinkunst]]
-'''Theater''' is that branch of the [[performing arts]] concerned with acting out stories using combinations of speech, gesture, music, sound and spectacle - indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts. Theater takes such forms as [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[mime]], [[pantomime]]. "[[Drama]]" is that branch of theater in which speech, from written text ([[Theatre/play|plays]] or "[[dramatic literature]]") or improvised, is paramount.
-[[Theatre Techniques]]
-20th Century American Theater:
-: [[Eugene O'Neill|Eugene O'Neill]]
-: [[Arthur Miller]]
-: [[David Mamet]]
-: [[Edward Albee]]
-: [[Neil Simon]]
-: [[George S Kaufmann]]
-: [[Tennessee Williams]]
-: [[Thorton Wilder]]
-: [[Lorraine Hansberry]]
-
-20th Century British Theatre:
-: [[Alan Ayckbourn]]
-: [[John Galsworthy]]
-: [[John Osborne]]
-: [[Harold Pinter]]
-: [[J.B. Priestley]]
-: [[Tom Stoppard]]
-: [[Peter Barnes]]
-
-Most of the above styles have been performed in [[Repertory]]
-
-20th Century German Language Theater Authors:
-: [[Heiner Mueller]]
-: [[Bertolt Brecht]]
-: [[Thomas Bernhardt]]
-: [[Elfriede Jelinek]]
-: [[Friederich Durrenmatt]]
-: [[Wolfgang Hildesheimer]]
-
-20th Century German Language Theater Directors:
-: [[Fritz Kortner]]
-: [[Peter Stein]]
-: [[Peter Zadek]]
-: [[Frank Castorf]]
-: [[August Everding]]
-: [[Max Reinhardt]]
-
-20th Century Irish Theatre
-: [[George Bernard Shaw]]
-: [[Samuel Beckett]]
-
-Other 20th Century English-language playwrights:
-: [[Athol Fugard]]
-
-
-This gives a brief outline of some of the better-known playwrights; but theater does not operate on playwrights alone. Plays are often produced by a [[production team]]: various technical, support, and design staff. Among these are the [[scenic designer]], the [[lighting designer]], the [[costume designer]], the [[Theatre/director|director]], the [[dramaturg]] and the [[stage manager]]. This is not an all inclusive list, and may include other personnel from the world of [[technical theatre]].
-
-See also: [[dramatist]], [[history of theater]], [[improvisational theater]], [[radio and television drama]], [[cinematic drama]]
-
-----
-
-'''Theatre''' is also the building in which works and plays are performed. Some of these buildings are masterpieces of [[architecture]]. Others, as for those mainly known for [[opera]], became cultural references and symbols.
-
-The original [[Greek theatre]] was semicircular in form and was normally built on a hillside, often overlooking the sea. Such theatres were constructed with faultless acoustics, so that a player standing centre stage could be clearly heard throughout the auditorium. The [[Roman]]s copied this style of building, but tended not to be so concerned about the location, being prepared to build walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally-occurring site.
-
-During the [[Elizabethan era]] in [[England]], theatres were constructed of wood and were circular in form, like the [[Globe Theatre]] in [[London]], home to [[William Shakespeare]]'s troupe of actors. The Globe has now been rebuilt as a fully working and producing theatre near its original site (largely thanks to the efforts of film director [[Sam Wanamaker]]) to give modern audiences an idea of the environment for which Shakespeare and other playwrights of the period were writing.
-
+++ /dev/null
-[[eo:Turismo]][[fr:Tourisme]][[nl:Toerisme]]
-'''Tourism''' is an industry that came about when large numbers of middle-class people began to travel as well. As societies became wealthier, and people longer-lived, it became not only possible but probable that lower-middle and middle-class people steadily employed would retire in good health and with some significant savings.
-
-To be a '''tourist''' is to travel and stay in places apart from your usual place of residence, as an end in itself. A tourist can usually be seen as clearly "out of place" with his current surroundings, therefore not to be confused with a traveller. The term tourist is tied to the activity of taking a [[tour]] or [[sightseeing]]. It is not limited to travelling, but used as a description of a person who enters a situation or culture, for a brief time, requiring knowledge that he does not have.
-
-The tourist can be interested (among other things) in the new place's [[culture]] or its [[nature]]. Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, not incidentally to some other purpose, but as an end in itself: to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn new languages; or to taste new cuisines.
-
-Organised tourism is now a major [[Industry/Tertiary sector|industry]] around the world. Many national economies are now heavily reliant on tourism.
-
-== History ==
-The words ''tourist'' and ''tourism'' were first used as official terms in 1937 by the [[League of Nations]] to, define people travelling abroad for periods of over 24 hrs. But the tourism industry is much older than that.
-
-Basically, "tourism", like any other form of economic activity, occurs when the essential parameters come together to make it happen. In this case there are three essential parameters:
-
-# [[Disposable income]], i.e. money, to spend on non-essentials
-# [[Time]] in which to do so.
-# [[Infrastructure]] in the form of accommodation facilities and means of transport.
-
-The word ''tour'' gained common acceptance in the eighteenth century, when the [[Grand Tour of Europe]] became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British nobleman or cultured gentleman. Grand tours were taken in particular by young people to complete their education. They travelled all over [[Europe]], but notably to places of cultural and aesthetic interest, such as [[Rome]], [[Tuscany]] and the [[Alps]]. Most major British artists of the eighteenth century did the Grand tour, as did their great European contemporaries such as [[Claude Lorrain]]. Classical literature and art had always drawn visitors to Rome, [[Naples]], [[Florence, Italy|Florence]]. The Romantic movement (inspired throughout Europe by the English poets [[William Blake]] and [[Lord Byron]], among others), extended this to ''gothick'' countryside, the Alps, fast flowing rivers, mountain gorges, etc.
-
-The British Aristocracy were particularly keen on the Grand Tour, using the occasion to gather art treasures from all over Europe to add to their collections. The volume of art treasures going to Britain in this way was unequalled anywhere else in Europe, and explains the richness of many private collections and public collections in Britain today. Yet tourism in those days, aimed essentially at the very top of the social ladder and at the well educated, was fundamentally a cultural activity. These first tourists, though undertaking their Grand Tour, were more travellers than tourists.
-
-Tourism in the modern sense of the word did not develop until the nineteenth century; that was leisure travel, which today forms the larger part of the tourist industry.
-
-Again the leisure industry was a British invention, for sociological reasons. Britain was the first European country to industrialize, and the industrial society was the first society to offer time for leisure to a growing number of people. Not the working masses in the first place, but the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners, the traders, the new middle class.
-
-Leisure travel had of course developed as an offshoot of [[cultural tourism]], partly as [[health tourism]]. Some English travellers, after visiting the warm lands of the South of Europe, decided to stay there either for the cold season or for the rest of their lives, but this was a very minor development. It was not until the nineteenth century that leisure tourism really began to develop, as people began to "winter" in warmer climates, or to visit places with health-giving mineral waters, in order to cure a whole variety of diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.
-
-The British origin of this new industry can be recognized in the many names: At Nice, one of the first and most well established holiday resorts on the French [[Riviera]], the long esplanade along the sea front is known to this day as the ''Promenade des Anglais''; and in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old well established palace hotels have names like the ''Hotel Bristol'', ''Hotel Carlton'' or ''Hotel Majestic'' - reflecting the largely English customers for whom these resorts catered in the early years.
-
-Even [[winter sport|winter sports]], as a leisure activity rather than as a means of transport, were largely invented by the British leisured classes. It was English tourists who invented winter sports at the Swiss village of [[Zermatt]]. Until the first tourists appeared, the villagers of Zermatt just thought of the long snowy winter as being a time when the best thing to do was to stay indoors and make cuckoo clocks or other small mechanical items.
-
-Organized sport was already well established in Britain long before it reached other countries. The vocabulary of sport bears witness to this: rugby, football are both British games, and even [[Tennis]], originally a French sport, was formalized and codified by the British, who invented the first national championship in the nineteenth century, at [[Wimbledon]]. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class, looking for amusement in Winter..
-
-[[Mass tourism]] did not really begin to develop, however, until two things had occurred. a) improvements in communications allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and b) greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. The biggest development of all was the invention of the [[railway|railways]], which brought Britain's seaside within easy distance of Britain's large urban centres.
-
-The father of modern mass tourism was [[Thomas Cook]] who, on [[July 5th]] [[1841]], organised the first [[package tour]] in history, by chartering a train to take a group of teetotalers from [[Leicester]] to a rally in [[Loughborough]], some twenty miles away. Cook immediately saw the potential for business development in the sector, and became the world's first tour operator.
-
-He was soon followed by others, with the result that the tourist industry developed rapidly in early Victorian Britain.
-Initially it was supported by the growing middle classes, who had time off from their work, and who could afford the luxury of travel and possibly even staying for periods of time in [[boarding house|boarding houses]]. However, the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 introduced, for the first time, a statutory right for workers to take holidays, even if they were not paid at the time.
-
-The combination of short holiday periods, travel facilities and distances meant that the first holiday resorts to develop in Britain were towns on the seaside, situated as close as possible to the growing industrial connurbations. For those in the industrial north, there were [[Blackpool]] and [[Scarborough]]. For those in the [[Midlands]], there was Weston Super Mare, for those in [[London]] there were Southend on Sea, Broadstairs, [[Brighton]], Eastbourne, and a whole collection of other lesser known places. But for a century, tourism remained a national industry, with foreign travel being reserved, as before, for the rich or the culturally curious.
-
-Similar processes occurred in other countries, though at a slower rate, given that nineteenth century Britain was far ahead of any other nation in the world in the process of industrialisation. In the USA, the first great seaside resort, in the European style, was [[Atlantic City]], New Jersey. In Europe, early resorts included Oostende (for the people of [[Brussels]]), and Boulogne and Deauville (for Parisians).
-
-Even so, increasing speed on railways meant that the tourist industry could develop slowly, even internationally. By 1901, the number of people crossing the [[Channel]] from England to [[France]] or [[Belgium]] had already passed 0.5 million per year.
-
-Other phenomena that helped develop the travel industry were paid holidays:
-* 1.5 million manual workers in Britain had paid holidays by 1925
-* 11 million by 1939 (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)
-
-What the railway did for [[domestic tourism]] in the nineteenth century, the aeroplane and the package tour have done for [[international tourism]] in the last 30 years. For the worker living in greater London, Brindisi today is hardly less accessible than Brighton was 100 years ago,. Tourism has become a multi-billion pound international industry, and one that is growing in developed countries (source countries) at a rate considerably faster than annual growth levels. [[Receptive tourism]] is also growing at a very rapid rate in many developing countries, where it is often the most important economic activity in local GDP.
-
-See also:
-*[[Popular tourist regions]]
-*[[History of tourism]]
-*[[Hotel]]
-*[[Types of tourism]]
-*[[Agriturismo]]
-*[[Travelling]]
-*[[Backpacking]]
-
-External links:
-* [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/ Lonely Planet Destinations Guide]--a great resource for finding information about a particular location.
-
-* [http://www.stateguide.com StateGuide]--destination 'cheat sheet' for researching vacation, relocation, retirement, and military sites in the US. Approx. 4500 towns.
-
+++ /dev/null
-'''Transport''', or '''transportation''' (as it is called in the United States), is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the [[Latin]] ''Trans'' meaning ''across'' and ''Portare'' meaning ''carrying'' . Motor Vehicles, Trains, Airplanes, and Ships are the most common modes of modern transport. Transport and [[communication]] are both substitutes and complements, the growth in transport would be impossible without communication, and the increase of one generally leads to more of the other.
-
-* General
-** [[Civil engineering]]
-** [[Department of Transportation]]
-** [[Engineering]]
-** [[Highway engineering]]
-** [[Intelligent transportation system]]
-** [[Logistics]]
-** [[Public transport]] (also called public transit)
-** [[Queueing theory]]
-** [[Timeline of transportation technology]]
-** [[Traffic engineering]]
-** [[Transport finance]]
-** [[Transport economics]]
-** [[Transport engineering]]
-** [[Transport planning]]
-** [[Travel behavior]]
-** [[Urban planning]]
-** [[Vehicle]]
-
-* [[Technology|Technologies]]
-** [[Containerization]]
-** [[Engine]]
-** [[Jet engine]]
-** [[Motor]]
-** [[Saddle]]
-** [[Shoe]]
-** [[Stirrup]]
-** [[Wheel]]
-
-* [[Network]]s
-** [[Airlines]]
-** [[Canal]]
-** [[Freeway]]
-** [[Highway]]
-** [[Pipeline transport|Pipeline]]
-** [[Railway]]
-** [[River]]
-** [[Road]], [[List of roads and highways]]
-** [[Sidewalk]]
-** [[Skyway]]
-
-* Nodes
-** [[Airport]], [[IATA airport code]]
-** [[Air traffic control]]
-** [[Harbor]]
-** [[Port]]
-** [[Terminal]]
-
-'''Modes'''
-* [[Air transport]]
-** [[Aircraft]] (Airplane)
-** [[Autogyro]]
-** [[Balloon]]
-** [[Blimp]] (Airship)
-** [[Dirigible]]
-** [[Flying car]]
-** [[Helicopter]]
-** [[Hovercraft]]
-** [[Zeppelin]]
-
-* [[Animal-powered transport]]
-** [[Burro]]
-** [[Camel]]
-** [[Dog]]
-** [[Donkey]]
-** [[Elephant]]
-** [[Horse]]
-** [[Mule]]
-** [[Llama]]
-** [[Ox]]
-** [[Reindeer]]
-** [[Yak]]
-
-
-* [[Cable transport]]
-** [[Cable car]]
-** [[Elevator]]
-** [[Funicular]]
-
-* [[Conveyor transport]]
-** [[Conveyor belt]]
-** [[Escalator]]
-** [[Moving sidewalk]]
-
-* [[Human-powered transport]]
-** [[Bicycle]]
-** [[Ice skate]]
-** [[Rickshaw]]
-** [[Rowing]]
-** [[Roller skate]]
-** [[Scooter]]
-** [[Skateboard]]
-** [[Swimming]]
-** [[Punting]]
-** [[Walking]]
-** [[Wheelchair]]
-
-* [[Hybrid transport]]
-** [[Moped]]
-** [[Segway HT]]
-
-* Motorized [[road transport]]
-** [[Automobile]]
-** [[Bus]]
-** [[Electric trolleybus]]
-** [[Motorcycle]]
-** [[Truck]]
-
-* Motorized off-road transport
-** [[SUV|sports-utility/four-wheel-drive vehicles]]
-** [[Tank]]
-** [[Tractor]]
-
-* [[Pipeline transport]]
-** [[Natural gas]]
-** [[Oil]]
-** [[Pneumatic tube]]
-** [[Sewer]]
-** [[Slurry]]
-** [[Water]]
-
-* [[Rail transport]]
-** [[High speed rail]]
-** [[Light rail]] [[Light rail listing]] (Streetcar or Trolley)
-** [[Maglev]]s
-** [[Monorail]]
-** [[People mover]]
-** [[Personal rapid transit]]
-** [[Train]]
-** [[Tram]]
-** [[Underground]], [[Underground listing]] (Subway)
-
-* [[Ship transport]]
-** [[Barge]]
-** [[Boat]]
-** [[Ferry]]
-** [[Hydrofoil]]
-** [[Sailing]]
-** [[Ship]]
-** [[Shipping]]
-** [[Tanker]]
-
-* [[Space transport]]
-** [[Interplanetary travel]]
-** [[Propulsion method]]
-** [[Rocket]]
-** [[Space shuttle]]
-** [[Space station]]
-** [[Spacecraft propulsion]]
-
-* [[Future transport]] (Proposed future, science fiction, or literary transport)
-** [[Interstellar travel]]
-** [[Skycar]]
-** [[Space elevator]]
-** [[Teleportation]]
-** [[Starship]]
-
-(STILL NEEDS MUCH WORK)
-
+++ /dev/null
-Traditional visual arts (commonly called "fine arts"):
-:[[Painting]]
-:[[Ceramics]]
-:[[Sculpture]]
-:[[Textiles]]
-:[[Drawing]]
-:[[Printmaking]] and [[Photography]]
-:Motion Pictures/[[Film]]
-
-[[Design]]:
-:[[Commercial Art]]
-:[[Fashion design]]
-**[[Fashion designers]]:
-***[[Hattie Carnegie]]
-***[[Coco Chanel]]
-***[[John Galliano]]
-:[[Graphic design]]
-:[[Illustration]]
-:[[Industrial design]]
-:[[Interior decoration]]
-:[[Industrial design]]
-:[[Architecture]]
-
-[[History of the Visual Arts]]
-:[[History of painting]]
-:[[History of sculpture]]
-:[[History of photography]]
-:[[History of design]]
-::[[History of fashion]]
-:[[Cultural movement]]
-:[[Renaissance Classicism]]
-:[[Mannerism/Art|Mannerism]]
-:[[Baroque_Art|Baroque]]
-:[[New directions and movements]]
-[[Aesthetics]]
-
-[[Art conservation]]
-
-[[Pop Art]] and [[Contemporary art]]:
-:[[Comic books and strips]]
-:[[Computer-generated art]] / [[Digital art]]
-:[[Found art]] ([[Museum of Contemporary Art]], Los Angeles, public relations campaign)
-:[[Installation art]]
-:[[Interactive art]]
-:[[Graffiti art]]
-:[[Performance Art]]
-
-[[Body art]]:
-:[[Tattoo]]
-:[[Body piercing]]
-:[[Scarification]]
-:[[Tattoo]]
-:[[Body Modification]]
-
-New Materials
-:[[Plastics in art]]
-:[[Body fluids in art]]
+++ /dev/null
-The richest and most prestigious [[poker]] tournament in the world is the '''World Series of Poker''', held annually at [[Binions Horseshoe|Binion's Horseshoe]] [[casino]] in [[Las Vegas]], Nevada. It has been held every year since 1970 (when it had seven entrants), and has grown in popularity since, the year 2000 series having 4780 entrants in various events.
-
-The series consists of many events of different [[poker variant]]s, each of which awards the winner a gold bracelet signifying the world championship of that event. The 2001 series had 25 events held from April 20 to May 18. The final event of the series, widely considered the world championship of the game of poker, is the $10,000 entry no-limit [[Texas holdem|Texas hold'em]] championship, a four-day event with a top prize of $1,500,000. The winner of this event also has his picture installed in the "Gallery of Champions" at Binion's.
-
-== History ==
-
-Until 2001, the leading money winner in World Series history is T. J. Cloutier, who finished "in the money" in 33 events, including four gold bracelets in various events, a fifth-place, a third-place, and two second-place finishes in the main event, but who has never won the "big dance". In 2001, Phil Hellmuth's 7th bracelet and 5th place finish in the final event moved him ahead of Cloutier.
-
-Other historical highlights include Jack Strauss's win, which was a comback after having lost all but one chip of his stake early in the tournament, and Stu Ungar's third win 17 years after his repeat, having spent many of the intervening years out of competition and addicted to cocaine.
-
-Billy Baxter dominated the Deuce-to-seven draw poker event for many years, winning five bracelets and twice finishing second. He has a sixth bracelet in Ace-to-five draw.
-
-Players who have won bracelets in a [[draw poker]] event, a [[stud poker]] game, and a [[community card poker]] game are Mickey Appleman, Bobby Baldwin, Doyle Brunson (who has a total of eight bracelets in six different events, and a second place finish in 13-card [[Chinese poker]]), Johnny Chan, Johnny Moss, and Stu Ungar.
-
-See [http://www.binions.com/wsop/main.html Binion's WSOP Site]
-
-== Champions ==
-
-These are the winners of the final "championship" event, which is now No-limit Texas Hold'em.
-
-* 2002 Robert Varkonyi ($2 million)
-* 2001 Carlos Mortenson
-* 2000 Chris "Jesus" Ferguson (The first time that first prize was $1.5 million)
-* 1999 Noel Furlong
-* 1998 Scotty Nguyen
-* 1997 Stu Ungar
-* 1996 Huck Seed
-* 1995 Dan Harrington
-* 1994 Russ Hamilton (Also won his weight in silver as a "WSOP Silver Anniversary" bonus)
-* 1993 Jim Bechtel
-* 1992 Hamid Dastmalchi
-* 1991 Brad Daugherty (The first time that first prize was $1 million)
-* 1990 Mansour Matloubi
-* 1989 Phil Hellmuth, Jr. (Youngest ever winner)
-* 1988 Johnny Chan
-* 1987 Johnny Chan
-* 1986 Berry Johnston
-* 1985 Bill Smith
-* 1984 Jack Kellar
-* 1983 Tom <nowiki>McEvoy</nowiki>
-* 1982 Jack "Treetop" Strauss
-* 1981 Stu Ungar
-* 1980 Stu Ungar
-* 1979 Hal Fowler
-* 1978 Bobby Baldwin
-* 1977 Doyle Brunson
-* 1976 Doyle Brunson
-* 1975 Sailor Roberts
-* 1974 Johnny Moss
-* 1973 Puggy Pearson
-* 1972 "Amarillo Slim" Preston
-* 1971 Johnny Moss (Won in competition, as are all subsequent)
-* 1970 Johnny Moss (Awarded by peer vote)
+++ /dev/null
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# This script drives the wiki test suite: if run without arguments, it runs
-# the main suite with standard settings. If You specify the name of a test
-# as the first argument (e.g. "./run EditTest"), it will run only that test.
-# Other arguments (like "-v" for verbose mode) are passed to the test. If
-# you want to pass arguments to the main suite, you'll have to name it
-# explicitly, (e.g. "./run WikiSuite -v -n")
-#
-
-if [[ "$1" == "" ]]; then CLASS=WikiSuite; else CLASS=$1; fi
-java -classpath ./build:jars/httpunit.jar:jars/nekohtml.jar:jars/xercesImpl.jar:jars/xml-apis.jar com.piclab.wikitest.$CLASS $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Special "test" for initial loading of the database.
- * It doesn't do the normal run-and-report thing, but it
- * it inherits from WikiTest because it needs to do the
- * same kinds of things that tests do, i.e., interacting
- * with the wiki.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class DBLoader extends WikiTest {
-
-private WebResponse loadPageFromFile( String title )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer(200);
- String t = WikiTest.titleToUrl( title );
-
- url.append( "data/" ).append( t ).append( ".txt" );
- String text = WikiSuite.loadText( url.toString() );
-
- WebResponse wr = replacePage( title, text );
- WikiSuite.fine( "Loaded \"" + title + "\"" );
- return wr;
-}
-
-/*
- * Load database with initial set of pages for testing.
- */
-
-public void initializeDatabase( WikiSuite ws, boolean f_overwrite ) {
- WebResponse wr = null;
- String text = null;
-
- m_suite = ws;
- try {
- wr = viewPage( "" );
- } catch ( WikiSuiteFailureException e ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Can't find Wikipedia installation." );
- return;
- }
- if ( ! f_overwrite ) {
- try {
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "no text in this page" ) < 0 ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Target wiki is not empty." );
- return;
- }
- } catch( WikiSuiteFailureException e ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Can't access target wiki." );
- return;
- }
- }
- WikiSuite.info( "Preloading database with test pages." );
-
- for (int i = 0; i < WikiSuite.preloadedPages.length; ++i) {
- try {
- wr = loadPageFromFile( WikiSuite.preloadedPages[i] );
- } catch (WikiSuiteFailureException e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "Failed to load \"" +
- WikiSuite.preloadedPages[i] + "\"" );
- }
- }
-
- WikiSuite.info( "Creating test users." );
- try {
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Userlogin" );
- WebForm loginform = getFormByName( wr, "userlogin" );
- WebRequest req = loginform.getRequest( "wpCreateaccount" );
- req.setParameter( "wpName", "Fred" );
- req.setParameter( "wpPassword", "Fred" );
- req.setParameter( "wpRetype", "Fred" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Userlogin" );
- loginform = getFormByName( wr, "userlogin" );
- req = loginform.getRequest( "wpCreateaccount" );
- req.setParameter( "wpName", "Barney" );
- req.setParameter( "wpPassword", "Barney" );
- req.setParameter( "wpRetype", "Barney" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- logout();
- } catch ( Exception e ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Exception (" + e + ") parsing login form." );
- }
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-/*
- * Test that basic page editing is working.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import java.io.*;
-
-public class EditTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Editing"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = deletePage( "Omaha" );
- wr = deletePage( "Math" );
- /* deletePage will always logout */
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part3() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part4() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part5() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Add a line to some pages. See that the change
- * shows up in Recent Changes, and the new text appears.
- */
- WebResponse wr = addText( "Agriculture",
- "Edited for testing: 85769476243364759655." );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Agriculture" ) < 0 ) { return 101; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Agriculture" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "85769476243364759655" ) < 0 ) { return 102; }
-
- wr = addText( "Talk:Physics", "Edited for testing: 98762415237651243634" );
- wr = addText( "User:Fred", "Edited for testing: 54637465888374655394" );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Talk:Physics" ) < 0 ) { return 103; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "User:Fred" ) < 0 ) { return 104; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Wikitest addition" ) < 0 ) { return 105; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Talk:Physics" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "98762415237651243634" ) < 0 ) { return 106; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "54637465888374655394" ) >= 0 ) { return 107; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "User:Fred" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "54637465888374655394" ) < 0 ) { return 108; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "98762415237651243634" ) >= 0 ) { return 109; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Create a new page, verify it, add to it, replace it.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Omaha" );
- /* Should have been deleted in initTest() */
-
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "no text in this page" ) < 0 ) { return 201; }
-
- wr = addText( "Omaha", "'''Omaha''' is a city in [[Florida]]" );
- wr = viewPage( "Omaha" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( text.indexOf( "no text in this page" ) >= 0 ) { return 202; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Florida" ) < 0 ) { return 203; }
-
- wr = addText( "Omaha", "And a [[poker]] game for masochists." );
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Omaha" ) < 0 ) { return 204; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Wikitest addition to Omaha" ) < 0 ) { return 205; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Omaha" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Florida" ) < 0 ) { return 206; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "poker" ) < 0 ) { return 207; }
-
- wr = editPage( "Omaha" );
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", "See: \n" +
- "* [[Omaha, Nebraska]]\n* [[Omaha holdem|Omaha hold'em]]" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Florida" ) >= 0 ) { return 208; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "poker" ) >= 0 ) { return 209; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Nebraska" ) < 0 ) { return 210; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "holdem" ) < 0 ) { return 211; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part3() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Log in and make some edits as a user.
- */
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- wr = addText( "Talk:Language", "This page sucks!" );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Fred" ) < 0 ) { return 301; }
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- wr = addText( "Talk:Language", "No it doesn't" );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Barney" ) < 0 ) { return 302; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Wikitest addition to Talk:Language" ) < 0 ) { return 303; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Talk:Language" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "sucks" ) < 0 ) { return 304; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "doesn't" ) < 0 ) { return 305; }
-
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Page history" );
- wr = l.click();
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "Fred" ) < 0 ) { return 306; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Barney" ) < 0 ) { return 307; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part4() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Verify edit conflict handling. We have to create a separate
- * conversation here and handle the forms manually rather than
- * relying on the WikiSuite stuff.
- */
- WebConversation fredc = new WebConversation();
- WebResponse wr = fredc.getResponse( viewUrl( "Special:Userlogin" ) );
- WebForm loginform = getFormByName( wr, "userlogin" );
- WebRequest req = loginform.getRequest( "wpLoginattempt" );
- req.setParameter( "wpName", "Fred" );
- req.setParameter( "wpPassword", "Fred" );
- wr = fredc.getResponse( req );
-
- wr = fredc.getResponse( viewUrl( "Dance", "action=edit" ) );
-
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- String old = req.getParameter( "wpTextbox1" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", old + "\nFred's edit" );
-
- loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- wr = addText( "Dance", "\nBarney's edit" );
-
- wr = fredc.getResponse( req );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- String title = wr.getTitle();
-
- if ( title.indexOf( "conflict" ) < 0 ) { return 401; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Your changes are shown" ) < 0 ) { return 402; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part5() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Verify page protection, preview, redirect.
- */
- WebResponse wr = logout();
- wr = viewPage( "Wikipedia:Upload_log" );
- String text = wr.getText();
- if ( text.indexOf( "Protected page" ) < 0 ) { return 501; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "Edit this page" ) >= 0 ) { return 502; }
-
- wr = editPage( "Sociology" );
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpPreview" );
-
- String old = req.getParameter( "wpTextbox1" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", old + "\n" + "''Preview test''" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "<h2>Preview</h2>" ) < 0 ) { return 503; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "<em>Preview test</em>" ) < 0 ) { return 504; }
-
- wr = replacePage( "Math", "#REDIRECT [[Mathematics]]\n" );
- wr = viewPage( "Math" );
-
- text = wr.getTitle();
- if ( text.indexOf( "Mathematics" ) < 0 ) { return 505; }
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "(Redirected from" ) < 0 ) { return 506; }
- if ( text.indexOf( "<strong>Mathematics</strong>" ) < 0 ) { return 507; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new EditTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * View pages with various skins and make sure they're basically
- * valid HTML structured the way we expect. For now we're just
- * using regexes, which should be fine for the sample pages. They
- * would probably fail on pages about HTML markup and such, though.
- * Eventualy, we should be scanning the DOM for these tests.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import java.util.regex.*;
-import java.io.*;
-import org.w3c.dom.*;
-
-public class HTMLTest extends WikiTest {
-
-/* Regex patterns to look for on every page; "good" patterns should
- * be found, "bad" patterns should be absent.
- */
-
-private String[] m_goodpats = {
- "\\A\\s*<!doctype html", "<meta\\s+[^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.robots",
- "<head[^>]*>.*<title[^>]*>.*</title>.*</head>\\s*<body",
- "<link\\s+[^>]*rel\\s*=\\s*.stylesheet", "<h1\\s+[^>]*class\\s*=.pagetitle",
- "<form\\s+[^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.search",
- "<div\\s+[^>]*id\\s*=.content.*<div\\s+[^>]*id\\s*=.article",
-};
-private Pattern[] m_cgoodpats;
-
-private String[] m_badpats = {
- "<[^>]*onclick\\s*=", "<applet", "<object", "<body.*<script.*</body"
-};
-private Pattern[] m_cbadpats;
-
-/* TODO: figure out some way to check for unbalanced <ul>, etc. */
-
-public String testName() { return "HTML"; }
-
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- logout();
- /*
- * Pre-compile the regexes.
- */
- m_cgoodpats = new Pattern[m_goodpats.length];
- for (int i = 0; i < m_goodpats.length; ++i) {
- m_cgoodpats[i] = Pattern.compile( m_goodpats[i],
- Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.DOTALL );
- }
- m_cbadpats = new Pattern[m_badpats.length];
- for (int i = 0; i < m_badpats.length; ++i) {
- m_cbadpats[i] = Pattern.compile( m_badpats[i],
- Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.DOTALL );
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail(c); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail(c); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- Document doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 101; }
-
- WebRequest req = openPrefs();
- req.removeParameter( "wpOpnumberheadings" );
- req.setParameter( "wpOphighlightbroken", "1" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
- WikiSuite.fine( "Standard settings" );
-
- int c = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1inner() ) ) { return 110 + c; }
-
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpOpnumberheadings", "1" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
- WikiSuite.fine( "Numbered headings" );
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1inner() ) ) { return 120 + c; }
-
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpOphighlightbroken", "1" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
- WikiSuite.fine( "Question-mark links" );
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1inner() ) ) { return 130 + c; }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1inner() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "" );
- /*
- * Will throw exception if not parseable:
- */
- Document doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 1; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Opera" );
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 2; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "User:Fred" );
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 3; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 4; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Talk:Poker" );
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 5; }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Wikipedia:Upload_log" );
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 6; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- Document doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 201; }
-
- WebRequest req = openPrefs();
- req.removeParameter( "wpOpnumberheadings" );
- req.setParameter( "wpOphighlightbroken", "1" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- for (int q = 0; q < 4; ++q) {
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpQuickbar", String.valueOf( q ) );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 200 + 10 * q; }
- WikiSuite.finer( "Set quickbar to " + q );
-
- for (int s = 0; s < 3; ++s) {
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpSkin", String.valueOf( s ) );
- wr = getResponse( req );
- WikiSuite.finer( "Set skin to " + s );
-
- double r = Math.random();
- if ( r < .5 ) {
- wr = viewPage( WikiSuite.preloadedPages[
- (int)(r * 100.0)] );
- } else if ( r < .6 ) {
- wr = viewPage( "User:Fred" );
- } else if ( r < .7 ) {
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- } else if ( r < .8 ) {
- wr = editPage( "Talk:Sport" );
- } else if ( r < .9 ) {
- wr = editPage( "Wikipedia:Upload_log" );
- } else {
- wr = viewPage( "" );
- }
- doc = wr.getDOM();
- if ( ! matchesAll( wr.getText() ) ) { return 201 + 10 * q + s; }
- }
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private boolean matchesAll( String text ) {
- if ( m_cgoodpats[0] == null ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Patterns not compiled." );
- return false;
- }
- for (int i = 0; i < m_goodpats.length; ++i) {
- Matcher m = m_cgoodpats[i].matcher( text );
- if ( ! m.find() ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Failed to match pattern \"" + m_goodpats[i] + "\"" );
- return false;
- }
- }
- for (int i = 0; i < m_badpats.length; ++i) {
- Matcher m = m_cbadpats[i].matcher( text );
- if ( m.find() ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Matched pattern \"" + m_badpats[i] + "\"" );
- return false;
- }
- }
- return true;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new HTMLTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Test that basic navigation around the wiki with
- * internal links is working.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class LinkTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Links"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = deletePage( "Talk:Poker" ); /* Will logout */
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part3() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part4() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part5() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Check that we can click through from main page to games,
- * card games, poker, world series.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "" ); /* Main page */
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Game" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 101; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Card" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 102; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Poker" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 103; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "World Series" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 104; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Poker page should have some standard links on it, and should
- * _not_ have an upload link or user stat links on it because we
- * aren't logged in.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Poker" );
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Printable version" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 201; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Related changes" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 202; }
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Upload file" );
- if ( l != null ) { return 203; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "My watchlist" );
- if ( l != null ) { return 204; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "My contributions" );
- if ( l != null ) { return 205; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part3() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Talk:Poker was not preloaded, so we should be on an edit form
- * when we click that link from the Poker page. Add a comment,
- * then check for some standard links on the new talk page and
- * the resulting history page.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Poker" );
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Discuss this page" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 301; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", "Great article!" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "View article" );
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Page history" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 302; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Current revision" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 303; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "View discussion" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 304; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "View article" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 305; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part4() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Let's log in now and verify that things are changed.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Poker" );
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Log in" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 401; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- wr = viewPage( "Poker" );
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "My watchlist" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 402; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "My contributions" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 403; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "new messages" );
- if ( l != null ) { return 404; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Upload file" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 405; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "list of uploaded images" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 406; }
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "upload log" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 407; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part5() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Verify that the user page and user talk page are OK.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "" );
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Fred" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 501; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "User contributions" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 502; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Talk" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 503; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- /*
- * Log out, clear cookies, edit talk page, then log back in and
- * verify "new messages" link.
- */
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Log out" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 504; }
- wr = l.click();
- clearCookies();
-
- wr = editPage( "User talk:Fred" );
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", "Wake up!" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Main Page" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 505; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Log in" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 506; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- WebForm loginform = getFormByName( wr, "userlogin" );
- req = loginform.getRequest( "wpLoginattempt" );
- req.setParameter( "wpName", "Fred" );
- req.setParameter( "wpPassword", "Fred" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "new messages" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 507; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Main Page" );
- if ( l == null ) { return 508; }
- wr = l.click();
-
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "new messages" );
- if ( l != null ) { return 509; }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new LinkTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-/*
- * Test functioning of texvc math functions.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class MathTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Math"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- String[] goodpats = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(2\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(3\\)\\s+φ\\s+\\+",
- "\\(4\\)\\s+φ\\s*<sup>\\s*2",
- "\\(5\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(6\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+\\\\approx"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Equations" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 100 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- WebRequest req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpMath", "0" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- String[] goodpats0 = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(2\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(3\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+\\+",
- "\\(4\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s*\\^\\s*2",
- "\\(5\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(6\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+\\\\approx"
- };
-
- wr = viewPage( "Equations" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats0 ) ) ) {
- return 110 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpMath", "2" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- String[] goodpats2 = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s+<table",
- "\\(2\\)\\s+<table",
- "\\(3\\)\\s+φ\\s+\\+",
- "\\(4\\)\\s+φ\\s*<sup>\\s*2",
- "\\(5\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(6\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+\\\\approx"
- };
-
- wr = viewPage( "Equations" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 120 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpMath", "3" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- String[] goodpats3 = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(2\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(3\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s+\\+\\s+\\\\phi\\s*\\^\\s*2",
- "\\(4\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s*\\^\\s*2\\s+\\+\\s+\\\\phi",
- "\\(5\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(6\\)\\s+\\$\\s+\\\\phi\\s+\\\\approx"
- };
-
- wr = viewPage( "Equations" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats3 ) ) ) {
- return 130 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpMath", "4" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- String[] goodpats4 = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(2\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(3\\)\\s+φ\\s+\\+",
- "\\(4\\)\\s+φ\\s*<sup>\\s*2",
- "\\(5\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+=\\s+\\\\frac",
- "\\(6\\)\\s+<img\\s[^>]*\\salt\\s*=\\s*.?\\\\phi\\s+\\\\approx"
- };
-
- wr = viewPage( "Equations" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats4 ) ) ) {
- return 140 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new MathTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Test parsing of WikiText into HTML.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import java.util.regex.*;
-
-public class ParserTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Parsing"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part3() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part4() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part5() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part6() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part7() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check replacement of variables like {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}
- */
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "Month: \\d+", "Month name: [A-Z][a-z]+", "Day: \\d+",
- "Day name: [A-Z][a-z]+day", "Year: \\d\\d\\d\\d",
- "Time: \\d\\d:\\d\\d", "Number of articles: \\d+"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Bracketvars" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 100 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check block-level elements like bullet lists and pre sections.
- */
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "\\(1\\)[^(]*<ul>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ul>",
- "\\(2\\)[^(]*<ol>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ol>",
- "\\(3\\)[^(]*<ul>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ul>[^<]*Par",
- "\\(4\\)[^(]*<ol>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ol>[^<]*Par",
- "\\(5\\)[^(]*<pre>\\s*Fixed[^<]*</pre>",
- "\\(6\\)[^(]*Par[^<]*<ol>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ol>",
- "\\(7\\)[^(]*<pre>\\s*Fixed[^<]*</pre>\\s*<ul>\\s*<li>[^<]*</li>\\s*</ul>",
- "\\(8\\)[^(]*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*" +
- "<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*<ul>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*" +
- "Level 2\\s*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 4\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>",
- "\\(9\\)[^(]*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*" +
- "<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*<ol>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*" +
- "Level 2\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 4\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*</ol>",
- "\\(10\\)[^(]*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*" +
- "<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*<ul>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 2\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*" +
- "Level 2\\s*<ul>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 3\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*Level 4\\s*" +
- "</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>\\s*</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</li>\\s*" +
- "<li>\\s*Level 1\\s*</li>\\s*</ul>",
- "\\(11\\)[^(]*<dl>\\s*<dt>\\s*Word\\s*</dt>\\s*<dd>\\s*Definition\\s*</dd>\\s*</dl>",
- "\\(12\\)[^(]*<dl>\\s*<dt>\\s*Word\\s*</dt>\\s*<dd>\\s*Definition\\s*</dd>\\s*</dl>",
- "\\(13\\)[^(]*<dl>\\s*<dt>\\s*Word\\s*<ol>\\s*<li>\\s*First[^<]*</li>" +
- "\\s*<li>\\s*Second[^<]*</li>\\s*</ol>\\s*</dt>\\s*</dl>",
- "\\(14\\)[^(]*<dl>\\s*<dd>\\s*<dl>\\s*<dd>\\s*Double[^<]*</dd>\\s*</dl>" +
- "\\s*</dd>\\s*</dl>",
- "\\(15\\)[^(]*<dl>\\s*<dd>\\s*<dl>\\s*<dd>\\s*<dl>\\s*<dd>\\s*Triple" +
- "[^<]*</dd>\\s*</dl>\\s*</dd>\\s*</dl>\\s*</dd>\\s*</dl>\\s*Par"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Blocklevels" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 200 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check translation of quotes to bold/italic
- */
-private int part3() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "\\(1\\) normal <strong>bold</strong> normal",
- "\\(2\\) normal <em>italic</em> normal",
- /*"\\(3\\) normal <strong><em>bold italic</em></strong> normal",*/
- "\\(4\\) normal <strong>bold <em>bold italic</em> bold</strong> normal",
- "\\(5\\) normal <em>italic <strong>bold italic</strong> italic</em> normal",
- "\\(6\\) normal <strong><em>bold italic</em> bold</strong> normal",
- /*"\\(7\\) normal <em><strong>bold italic</strong> italic</em> normal",*/
- "\\(8\\) normal <em>italic <strong>bold italic</strong></em> normal",
- /*"\\(9\\) normal <strong>bold <em>bold italic</em></strong> normal",*/
- "\\(10\\) normal <strong>bold's</strong> normal",
- "\\(11\\) normal <em>italic's</em> normal",
- "\\(12\\) normal <em>italic's <strong>bold's italic</strong> italic's</em> normal",
- "\\(13\\) normal <strong><em>bold's italic</em> bold's</strong> normal",
- /*"\\(14\\) normal <em>italic</em>' normal", */
- /*"\\(15\\) normal '<strong>bold</strong> normal", */
- "\\(16\\) normal <em>italic</em> normal <em>italic</em> normal",
- "\\(17\\) normal <em>italic</em> normal <strong>bold</strong> normal",
- "\\(18\\) normal <strong>bold</strong> normal <strong>bold</strong> normal",
- "\\(19\\) normal <strong>bold</strong> normal <em>italic</em> normal"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Quotes" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 300 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check rendering of external links
- */
-private int part4() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "\\(1\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://a/b/c",
- "\\(1\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>ABC</a",
- "\\(2\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.https://d/e/f",
- "\\(2\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>DEF</a",
- "\\(3\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.ftp://g/h/i",
- "\\(3\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>GHI</a",
- "\\(4\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.gopher://j/k/l",
- "\\(4\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>JKL</a",
- "\\(5\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.news:a\\.b\\.c",
- "\\(5\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>A\\.B\\.C</a",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.mailto:a@b\\.c",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>A@B\\.C</a",
- "\\(7\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://m/n/o",
- "\\(7\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>\\[1\\]</a",
- "\\(8\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://p/q/r",
- "\\(8\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>\\[2\\]</a",
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://a/b/c\\.png",
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>\\[3\\]</a",
- "\\(10\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://d/e/f\\.jpg",
- "\\(10\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>\\[4\\]</a",
- "\\(11\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://a/b/c",
- "\\(11\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>http://a/b/c</a",
- "\\(12\\) <img\\s[^>]*src\\s*=\\s*.http://a/b/c\\.png",
- "\\(12\\) <img\\s[^>]*alt\\s*=\\s*.c\\.png",
- "\\(13\\) <img\\s[^>]*src\\s*=\\s*.http://d/e/f\\.jpg",
- "\\(13\\) <img\\s[^>]*alt\\s*=\\s*.f\\.jpg",
- "\\(14\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://a/b/c",
- "\\(14\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>http://a/b/c</a[^>]*>\\. More",
- "\\(15\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=\\s*.http://d/e/f",
- "\\(15\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.external.[^>]*>http://d/e/f</a[^>]*>, More"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "ExternalLinks" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 400 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check rendering of internal links
- */
-private int part5() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "\\(1\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.internal",
- "\\(1\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Mathematics[^>]*>Mathematics</a",
- "\\(2\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.new",
- "\\(2\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Non-existing_article[^>]*action=edit",
- "\\(3\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.internal",
- "\\(3\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Cooking[^>]*>Burning</a",
- "\\(4\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.internal",
- "\\(4\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*User:Fred[^>]*>Fred</a",
- "\\(5\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.internal",
- "\\(5\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Talk:Language[^>]*>Talk:Language</a",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.image",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Image:Foo.png",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*>\\s*<img\\s[^>]*src\\s*=[^>]*Foo.png",
- "\\(6\\) <a\\s[^>]*>\\s*<img\\s[^>]*alt\\s*=[^>]*Foo.png[^>]*>\\s*</a",
- "\\(7\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.media",
- "\\(7\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Bar.ogg[^>]*>Bar.ogg</a",
- /* International stuff is changing */
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.image",
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Image:Bar.jpg",
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*>\\s*<img\\s[^>]*src\\s*=[^>]*Bar.jpg",
- "\\(9\\) <a\\s[^>]*>\\s*<img\\s[^>]*alt\\s*=[^>]*Alt text[^>]*>\\s*</a",
- "\\(10\\) <a\\s[^>]*class\\s*=\\s*.internal",
- "\\(10\\) <a\\s[^>]*href\\s*=[^>]*Game[^s][^>]*>Games</a"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "InternalLinks" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 500 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check headings and horizontal rules
- */
-private int part6() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "<h2>\\s*AAA 2\\s*</h2>", "<h3>\\s*BBB 3\\s*</h3>",
- "<h2>\\s*CCC 2\\s*</h2>", "<h3>\\s*DDD 3\\s*</h3>",
- "<h4>\\s*FFF 4\\s*</h4>", "<h3>\\s*GGG 3\\s*</h3>\\s*Extra",
- /*"<h4>\\s*HHH 4\\s*</h4>\\s*Par", "<h4>\\s*III 4\\s*</h4>\\s*<p>\\s*Par",*/
- "\\(1\\)[^(]*---\\s", "\\(2\\)[^(]*[^-]<hr>[^-]", "\\(3\\)[^(]*[^-]<hr>[^-]",
- "\\(4\\)[^(]*<hr>\\s*XXX", "<h5>\\s*JJJ 5\\s*</h5>",
- "<h6>\\s*KKK 6\\s*</h6>", "<h3>\\s*LLL 3\\s*</h3>",
- "<h2>\\s*MMM 2\\s*</h2>"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Headings" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 600 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Check magic text replacements like ISBNs, RFCs
- */
-private int part7() throws Exception {
- String[] pats = {
- "\\(1\\)\\s*<a\\s[^>]*Special:Booksources[^>]*1234567890[^>]*>\\s*ISBN 1234567890\\s*</a",
- /*RFC not implemented*/
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Magics" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 700 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new ParserTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Test basic searching functions.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class SearchTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Search"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part3() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- String[] goodpats = {
- "<h2>Article title matches</h2>\\s*<ol [^>]*>",
- "<li><a [^>]+Cooking[^>]+>Cooking</a> \\(\\d+ bytes\\)\\s*<br>\\s*" +
- "<small>\\d+:",
- "<h2>Article text matches</h2>\\s*<ol [^>]*>\\s*<li><a " +
- "[^>]*>[^<]+</a> \\(\\d+ bytes\\)\\s*<br>\\s*<small>\\d+:",
- "<font [^>]*color\\s*=\\s*.red",
- "<form [^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.?powersearch",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?ns0[^>]*checked[^>]*>\\s*\\(",
- "<input [^>]*type\\s*=\\s*.?checkbox",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?redirs[^>]*checked[^>]*>",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?searchx"
- };
- String[] badpats = {
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.ns1[^>]*checked[^>]*>"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = searchFor( "cooking" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 100 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats ) ) ) {
- return 110 + ret;
- }
-
- String[] goodpats2 = {
- "<h2>No article title matches</h2>",
- "<h2>No article text matches</h2>",
- "<strong>\\s*Note",
- "<form [^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.?powersearch",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?ns0[^>]*checked[^>]*>\\s*\\("
- };
- String[] badpats2 = {
- "<font [^>]*color\\s*=\\s*.red"
- };
- wr = searchFor( "oyaABiJxTWMISmfE" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 120 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 130 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = searchFor( "cooking OR sewing" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 140 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats ) ) ) {
- return 150 + ret;
- }
-
- /*
- * If boolean searches are disabled, the following will
- * fail, so comment it out.
- */
- wr = searchFor( "cooking AND oyaABiJxTWMISmfE" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 160 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 170 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = searchFor( "cooking OR oyaABiJxTWMISmfE" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 180 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats ) ) ) {
- return 190 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Test "powersearch" in other namespaces.
- */
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- String[] goodpats = {
- "<h2>No article title matches</h2>",
- "<form [^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.powersearch",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.ns0[^>]*checked[^>]*>\\s*\\(",
- "<input [^>]*value\\s*=\\s*.?Barney",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.searchx"
- };
- String[] badpats = {
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.ns1[^>]*checked[^>]*>"
- };
-
- WebResponse wr = addText( "User:Barney",
- "Some text added just to make sure page exists..." );
- wr = searchFor( "Barney" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 200 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats ) ) ) {
- return 210 + ret;
- }
-
- WebForm psform = getFormByName( wr, "powersearch" );
- WebRequest req = psform.getRequest( "searchx" );
-
- req.setParameter( "ns2", "1" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] goodpats2 = {
- "<h2>Article title matches</h2>",
- "<form [^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.?powersearch",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?ns0[^>]*checked[^>]*>\\s*\\(",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?ns2[^>]*checked[^>]*>",
- "<input [^>]*value\\s*=\\s*.?Barney",
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.?searchx"
- };
- String[] badpats2 = {
- "<input [^>]*name\\s*=\\s*.ns1[^>]*checked[^>]*>"
- };
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 220 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 230 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Test "Go" search.
- */
-
-private int part3() throws Exception {
- String[] pagepat = { "<h1\\s[^>]*>\\s*Geography\\s*</h1>" };
- String[] srpat = { "<h1\\s[^>]*>\\s*Search results\\s*</h1>" };
-
- WebResponse wr = searchFor( "Geography", "go=Go" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pagepat ) ) ) {
- return 300 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, srpat ) ) ) {
- return 310 + ret;
- }
-
- wr = searchFor( "oyaABiJxTWMISmfE", "go=Go" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, srpat ) ) ) {
- return 320 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, pagepat ) ) ) {
- return 330 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new SearchTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-/*
- * Test functioning of various special pages. Does not bother with
- * some pages like Recentchanges and Userlogin that are adequately
- * exercised by other test, or with developer-only stuff.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import java.util.regex.*;
-
-public class SpecialTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Special"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = deletePage( "Newly created test page" );
- wr = deletePage( "Nonsense" );
- wr = deletePage( "Religion" );
-
- String text = WikiSuite.loadText( "data/Religion.txt" );
- wr = replacePage( "Religion", text );
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part3() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part4() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part5() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part6() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part7() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part8() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part9() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part10() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part11() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part12() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part13() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part14() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part15() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part16() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part17() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part18() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part19() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part20() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private String[] listHeadings = {
- "Showing below.*results starting with",
- "View \\(previous[^(]*\\(<a\\s[^>]*>next",
- "\\(<a [^>]*>20</a> | <a [^>]*>50</a> | <a [^>]*>100</a>"
-};
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- /*
- * This one is in the process of changing.
- */
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Allpages" );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Booksources", "isbn=0123456789" );
-
- WebLink l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "AddALL" );
- if ( l == null ) return 201;
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "PriceSCAN" );
- if ( l == null ) return 202;
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Barnes" );
- if ( l == null ) return 203;
- l = wr.getFirstMatchingLink( WebLink.MATCH_CONTAINED_TEXT, "Amazon" );
- if ( l == null ) return 204;
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part3() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- wr = editPage( "Painting" );
-
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
-
- String old = req.getParameter( "wpTextbox1" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", old + "\n" + "Fred's edit." );
- req.setParameter( "wpSummary", "Wikitest addition" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Contributions", "target=Fred" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<p\\s[^>]*subtitle[^>]*>\\s*For\\s*<a\\s[^>]*User:Fred[^>]*>\\s*Fred",
- "<ul>\\s*<li>[^<]*<a\\s[^>]*>Painting</a>\\s*<em>\\s*\\(Wikitest"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 300 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 310 + ret;
- }
- wr = logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part4() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- WebRequest req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpEmail", "fred@nowhere.invalid" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- req = openPrefs();
- req.setParameter( "wpEmail", "barney@nowhere.invalid" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Emailuser", "target=Fred" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- WebForm emailform = getFormByName( wr, "emailuser" );
-
- if ( ! emailform.hasParameterNamed( "wpSubject" ) ) {
- return 401;
- }
- /*
- * Actual addresses should not appear on form anywhere
- */
- String[] badpats = {
- "fred@nowhere.invalid", "barney@nowhere.invalid"
- };
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkBadPatterns( text, badpats ) ) ) {
- return 401 + ret;
- }
- wr = logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part5() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Listusers" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*<a [^>]*User:([^ ]+)[^>]*>\\s*\\1"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 500 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 510 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part6() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Lonelypages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*<a [^>]*\\?title=([^ ]+)[^>]*>\\s*\\1"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 600 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 610 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part7() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Longpages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*<a [^>]*\\?title=([^\"])[^\"]*\"[^>]*>" +
- "\\s*\\1[^<]*</a>\\s*\\(\\d+\\s+bytes\\)"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 600 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 610 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part8() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- wr = viewPage( "Religion" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- if ( text.indexOf( "<strong>religion</strong>" ) < 0 ) {
- return 801;
- }
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Movepage", "target=Religion" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "WARNING" ) < 0 ) { return 802; }
-
- WebForm moveform = getFormByName( wr, "movepage" );
- WebRequest req = moveform.getRequest( "wpMove" );
- req.setParameter( "wpNewTitle", "Nonsense" );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( ">Religion<" ) < 0 ||
- text.indexOf( "moved to" ) < 0 ||
- text.indexOf( ">Nonsense<" ) < 0 ) {
- return 803;
- }
- wr = viewPage( "Nonsense" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "<strong>religion</strong>" ) < 0 ) {
- return 804;
- }
- wr = viewPage( "Religion" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "<strong>religion</strong>" ) < 0 ||
- text.indexOf( "(Redirected from" ) < 0 ) {
- return 805;
- }
- wr = viewPage( "Religion", "action=edit&redirect=no" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
- if ( text.indexOf( "#REDIRECT [[Nonsense]]" ) < 0 ) {
- return 806;
- }
- wr = logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part9() throws Exception {
- /*
- * Not yet implemented
- *
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Neglectedpages" );
- */
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part10() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = loginAs( "Barney", "Barney" );
- wr = addText( "Newly created test page", "New stuff..." );
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Newpages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*\\d\\d:\\d\\d[^<]*<a [^>]*>Newly" +
- "[^<]*</a> \\. \\. <a [^>]*>Barney</a>"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 1000 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 1010 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part11() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Popularpages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*<a [^>]*\\?title=([^\"])[^\"]*\"[^>]*>" +
- "\\s*\\1[^<]*</a>\\s*\\(\\d+\\s+views\\)"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 1100 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 1110 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part12() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Randompage" );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part13() throws Exception {
- /* WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Recentchangeslinked" ); */
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part14() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Shortpages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] pats = {
- "<ol [^>]*start[^>]*>\\s*<li>\\s*<a [^>]*\\?title=([^\"])[^\"]*\"[^>]*>" +
- "\\s*\\1[^<]*</a>\\s*\\(\\d+\\s+bytes\\)"
- };
-
- int ret = 0;
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, pats ) ) ) {
- return 1400 + ret;
- }
- if ( 0 != ( ret = checkGoodPatterns( text, listHeadings ) ) ) {
- return 1410 + ret;
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part15() throws Exception {
- viewPage( "Special:Specialpages" );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part16() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Statistics" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part17() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Unusedimages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part18() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Wantedpages" );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part19() throws Exception {
- /* WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Watchlist" ); */
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part20() throws Exception {
- /* WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Whatlinkshere" ); */
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new SpecialTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Template for adding new tests.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class FooTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Foo"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- m_suite.logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new FooTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * Test image uploading and linking.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class UploadTest extends WikiTest {
-
-public String testName() { return "Uploads"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- logout();
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = part1() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- if ( 0 != ( c = part2() ) ) { return fail( c ); }
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part1() throws Exception {
- WebResponse wr = getResponse( viewUrl( "Special:Upload" ) );
- String text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] goodpats = { "<h1[^>]*>Not logged in</h1>" };
- int c = 0;
-
- if ( 0 != ( c = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats ) ) ) {
- return 100 + c;
- }
- wr = loginAs( "Fred", "Fred" );
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Upload" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] goodpats2 = {
- "<h1[^>]*>Upload file</h1>", ">image use policy<", ">upload log<"
- };
- if ( 0 != ( c = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 110 + c;
- }
-
- WebForm wf = getFormByName( wr, "upload" );
- WebRequest req = wf.getRequest( "wpUpload" );
-
- req.selectFile( "wpUploadFile", new java.io.File( "./data/startrek.png" ) );
- req.setParameter( "wpUploadDescription", "Upload test" );
-
- wr = getResponse( req );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] goodpats3 = {
- "<h1[^>]*>Upload error</h1>", "You must affirm"
- };
- if ( 0 != ( c = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats2 ) ) ) {
- return 120 + c;
- }
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Upload" );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- wf = getFormByName( wr, "upload" );
- req = wf.getRequest( "wpUpload" );
- req.selectFile( "wpUploadFile", new java.io.File( "./data/startrek.png" ) );
- req.setParameter( "wpUploadDescription", "Upload test" );
- req.setParameter( "wpUploadAffirm", "1" );
-
- wr = getResponse( req );
- text = getArticle( wr );
-
- String[] goodpats4 = {
- "uploaded successfully", "description page"
- };
- if ( 0 != ( c = checkGoodPatterns( text, goodpats4 ) ) ) {
- return 130 + c;
- }
-
- return 0;
-}
-
-private int part2() throws Exception {
- return 0;
-}
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- (new UploadTest()).runSingle( params );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * WikiFetchThread is a background thread that fetches
- * pages from the preload list until the suite is done.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class WikiFetchThread extends Thread {
-
-private WebConversation m_conv;
-private int m_totalfetches;
-private long m_totaltime;
-private volatile boolean m_running;
-
-
-public WikiFetchThread() {
- m_conv = new WebConversation();
- m_totalfetches = 0;
- m_totaltime = 0;
-}
-
-public int getFetches() { return m_totalfetches; }
-public long getTime() { return m_totaltime; }
-public void requestStop() { m_running = false; }
-
-
-public void run() {
- int index = 0;
- String url;
- double r;
- long start, end;
-
- m_running = true;
- while ( m_running ) {
- r = Math.random();
- if ( r < 0.1 ) {
- url = WikiTest.viewUrl( "" ); /* Main page */
- } else if ( r < 0.15 ) {
- url = WikiTest.viewUrl( "Special:Recentchanges" );
- } else {
- if ( ++index >= WikiSuite.preloadedPages.length ) { index = 0; }
- url = WikiTest.viewUrl( WikiSuite.preloadedPages[index] );
- }
-
- start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- try {
- WebResponse wr = m_conv.getResponse( url );
- } catch (Exception e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "Error (" + e + ") fetching \"" + url + "\"" );
- }
- end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-
- WikiSuite.finer( "Fetched \"" + url + "\"" );
- ++m_totalfetches;
- m_totaltime += ( end - start );
-
- try {
- Thread.sleep( 1000 );
- } catch( InterruptedException e ) {
- break;
- }
- }
- /*
- * The main suite tells us to stop, but we wait until the
- * current fetch is done. So we have the suite wait for us
- * to actually stop before continuing with its final report,
- * and we wake it up here.
- */
- synchronized (this) { notify(); }
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-import java.util.logging.*;
-
-class WikiLogFormatter extends Formatter {
-
-java.text.DateFormat m_df;
-
-public WikiLogFormatter() {
- m_df = new java.text.SimpleDateFormat( "HH:mm:ss " );
-}
-
-public String format( LogRecord rec ) {
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer( 200 );
-
- sb.append( m_df.format( new java.util.Date() ) );
-
- Level l = rec.getLevel();
- if ( l == Level.SEVERE ) {
- sb.append( "ERROR: " );
- } else if ( l == Level.WARNING ) {
- sb.append( " WARN: " );
- } else if ( l == Level.CONFIG ) {
- sb.append( " CONF: " );
- } else if ( l == Level.INFO || l == Level.FINE ||
- l == Level.FINER || l == Level.FINEST ) {
- sb.append( " INFO: " );
- } else {
- sb.append( " " );
- }
- sb.append( rec.getMessage() ).append( "\n" );
-
- return sb.toString();
-}
-
-}
-
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * WikiSearchThread is a background thread that does searches.
- * See WikiFetchThread for more details on design.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-
-public class WikiSearchThread extends Thread {
-
-private WebConversation m_conv;
-private int m_totalsearches;
-private long m_totaltime;
-private volatile boolean m_running;
-
-public WikiSearchThread() {
- m_conv = new WebConversation();
- m_totalsearches = 0;
- m_totaltime = 0;
-}
-
-public int getSearches() { return m_totalsearches; }
-public long getTime() { return m_totaltime; }
-public void requestStop() { m_running = false; }
-
-/*
- * First, a list of miscellaneous words that do appear in the
- * titles and text of the testing articles.
- */
-
-public static String[] searchterms = {
- "agriculture", "husbandry", "corn", "vegetable", "farming", "nitrogen",
- "anthropology", "human", "culture", "language", "networks", "society",
- "archaeology", "archeology", "history", "marxism", "ownership", "land",
- "architecture", "building", "landscape", "furniture", "carpentry", "roman",
- "astronomy", "astrophysics", "astrology", "star", "cosmology", "galaxy",
- "biology", "life", "monet", "evolution", "species", "animal", "plant",
- "business", "industry", "capitalism", "commerce", "company", "corporation",
- "chemistry", "atom", "organic", "element", "alchemy", "polymer",
- "classics", "greece", "rome", "latin", "literature", "mythology", "art",
- "communication", "media", "television", "radio", "film", "mail",
- "computer", "engineering", "linguistics", "algorithm", "graphics", "logic",
- "cooking", "food", "heat", "cuisine", "ethnic", "nutrition", "flavor",
- "critical", "theory", "frankfurt", "postmodernism", "weber",
- "dance", "rhythm", "music", "recreation", "performance", "ballet",
- "earth", "science", "geology", "weather", "fossil", "ocean", "environment",
- "economic", "scarcity", "communism", "socialism", "utility", "money",
- "education", "teaching", "knowledge", "reading", "testing", "school",
- "technology", "civil", "mechanical", "nuclear", "process", "control",
- "entertainment", "animation", "sport", "humor", "illusion", "theater",
- "family", "consumer", "parenting", "sewing", "homemaker", "decoration",
- "movie", "cinema", "director", "actor", "genre", "studio", "festival",
- "game", "card", "board", "competition", "probability", "drinking", "dice",
- "geography", "map", "projection", "continent", "island", "river", "sea",
- "handicraft", "bead", "marquetry", "paper", "wood", "garden", "metal",
- "history", "etymology", "orthodox", "controversy", "pasteur", "method",
- "hobby", "pastime", "professional", "amateur", "collecting", "genealogy",
- "language", "othography", "writing", "alphabet", "phonetic", "speech",
- "law", "taboo", "more", "jurisdiction", "legislature", "judge", "police",
- "library", "information", "book", "journal", "pediodical", "database",
- "philology", "syntax", "semantic", "lexicology", "comparative", "cipher",
- "letter", "rhetoric", "bible", "poem", "novel", "epic", "essay", "drama",
- "math", "mathematics","statistics", "number", "algebra", "calculus",
- "music", "melody", "instrument", "ensemble", "orchestra", "harmony",
- "opera", "costume", "dialogue", "acting", "voice", "libretto", "stage",
- "painting", "glaze", "acrylic", "mural", "portrait", "canvas", "fresco",
- "philosophy", "concept", "dialectic", "beauty", "ethic", "aristotle",
- "physics", "matter", "space", "energy", "quantum", "particle", "momentum",
- "poker", "stud", "wager", "gambling", "joker", "flush", "chip", "deal",
- "political", "politics", "government", "violence", "democracy", "fascism",
- "psychology", "freud", "ethology", "medicine", "therapy", "drug", "health",
- "public", "policy", "activism", "defense", "tax", "administration",
- "recreation", "weekend", "holiday", "vacation", "leisure", "sex",
- "religion", "christianity", "judaism", "islam", "deity", "faith", "priest",
- "sculpture", "clay", "marble", "mobile", "kinetic", "statue", "bust",
- "sociology", "kinship", "criminology", "race", "revolution", "gender",
- "sport", "equipment", "injury", "spectator", "football", "baseball",
- "invention", "recording", "cryptography", "metallurgy", "hydraulic",
- "theatre", "mime", "tennessee", "lighting", "scenery", "improvisation",
- "tourism", "travel", "sightseeing", "hotel", "camping", "cruise",
- "transport", "vehicle", "airline", "train", "ferry", "subway", "car",
- "visual", "design", "photography", "fashion", "tattoo", "textile"
-};
-
-/*
- * Then, a list of miscellaneous words that may or may not appear
- * in the test articles.
- */
-
-public static String[] randomterms = {
- "abatement", "acacia", "aerate", "allergy", "anvil", "ashtray", "auger",
- "badger", "bakery", "benign", "biceps", "bookie", "brazen", "bulldog",
- "caliber", "castigate", "centipede", "chemise", "clamor", "cupboard",
- "dawn", "debris", "derrick", "dig", "divorce", "doublet", "drummer",
- "ebony", "eclipse", "elitist", "emulator", "escrow", "euphoria", "evade",
- "famine", "feedback", "fiefdom", "flax", "fox", "freckle", "funnel",
- "gallop", "ghetto", "gingham", "gnat", "gossip", "grudge", "guitar",
- "halogen", "hedgehog", "heuristic", "hillbilly", "hologram", "hyacinth",
- "idealism", "illustrator", "impeach", "income", "injunction", "irony",
- "janitor", "jellyfish", "jitterbug", "journalism", "juggling", "jury",
- "kamikaze", "kerosene", "kindergarten", "kitten", "klaxon", "knuckle",
- "lager", "leech", "lentil", "libido", "locust", "lox", "lullabye", "lyre",
- "magenta", "marigold", "mediator", "mileage", "monarch", "municipal",
- "navigation", "neurosis", "nicotine", "nostalgia", "nucleus", "nymph",
- "oasis", "obscene", "oilcloth", "oratory", "osmosis", "ovary", "owl",
- "parsley", "perplex", "phony", "pilgrim", "pliers", "pompadour", "prose",
- "quahog", "quaver", "quench", "queue", "quilt", "quince", "quotient",
- "railroad", "ravine", "recipe", "rescue", "rig", "roast", "ruthless",
- "sarcasm", "sclerosis", "sellout", "shanty", "sigma", "skyhook", "synod",
- "tantrum", "tenacious", "thorn", "tithe", "tonsil", "trauma", "tyranny",
- "ulcer", "umpire", "unicorn", "unravel", "urinate", "upload", "utensil",
- "valence", "veranda", "viewpoint", "volunteer", "vow", "vulnerable",
- "wanton", "welcome", "wharf", "whiz", "wilderness", "woofer", "wretch",
- "xanthate", "yeast", "yeoman", "yonder", "zealous", "zen", "zonal"
-};
-
-public void run() {
- int tindex = 0, rindex = 0;
- double r;
- long start, end;
- WebResponse wr;
-
- String prefix = WikiSuite.getServer() + WikiSuite.getScript() + "?search=";
- String term = null;
-
- m_running = true;
- while ( m_running ) {
- r = Math.random();
- if ( r < 0.1 ) {
- term = searchterms[tindex] + " AND " + randomterms[rindex];
- } else if ( r < 0.3 ) {
- term = searchterms[tindex];
- if ( ++tindex >= searchterms.length ) { tindex = 0; }
- term += " AND " + searchterms[tindex];
- } else if ( r < 0.4 ) {
- term = searchterms[tindex] + " OR " + randomterms[rindex];
- } else if ( r < 0.5 ) {
- term = randomterms[rindex];
- if ( ++rindex >= randomterms.length ) { rindex = 0; }
- term += " OR " + randomterms[rindex];
- } else if ( r < 0.7 ) {
- term = randomterms[rindex];
- } else {
- term = searchterms[tindex];
- }
-
- start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- try {
- term = java.net.URLEncoder.encode( term, "UTF-8" );
- wr = m_conv.getResponse( prefix + term );
- } catch ( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e ) {
- break;
- } catch (Exception e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "Error (" + e + ") searching for \"" + term + "\"" );
- }
- end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-
- WikiSuite.finer( "Searched for \"" + term + "\"" );
- ++m_totalsearches;
- m_totaltime += ( end - start );
-
- if ( ++tindex >= searchterms.length ) { tindex = 0; }
- if ( ++rindex >= randomterms.length ) { rindex = 0; }
-
- try {
- Thread.sleep( 3000 );
- } catch( InterruptedException e ) {
- break;
- }
- }
- synchronized (this) { notify(); }
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-/*
- * WikiSuite is the driver class for the wiki test suite.
- * It represents the location of the wiki, and provides
- * some common static routines for access. When idividual
- * tests are instantiated, they are passed this object,
- * and they use its utility functions and result reporting.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import java.util.prefs.*;
-import java.util.logging.*;
-import java.io.*;
-
-public class WikiSuite {
-
-private static Preferences ms_uprefs =
- Preferences.userNodeForPackage( WikiSuite.class );
-
-/* Settings loaded from preferences:
- */
-private static String ms_server = null;
-private static String ms_script = null;
-private static String ms_articlepath = null;
-private static String ms_uploadpath = null;
-private static String ms_mainpage = null;
-private static String ms_sysoppass = null;
-
-/* Primary conversation for test suite; individual
- * tests may also create their own if needed.
- */
-private WebConversation m_conv;
-
-private static Logger ms_logger = Logger.getLogger( "com.piclab.wikitest" );
-
-static {
- /* Set logging level and properties:
- */
- ms_logger.setUseParentHandlers( false );
- Handler h = new StreamHandler( System.out, new WikiLogFormatter() );
- h.setLevel( Level.INFO );
-
- ms_logger.addHandler( h );
- ms_logger.setLevel( Level.INFO );
- ms_logger.setFilter( null );
-}
-
-public static String preloadedPages[] = { "Agriculture", "Anthropology",
- "Archaeology", "Architecture", "Astronomy_and_astrophysics",
- "Biology", "Business_and_industry", "Card_game", "Chemistry",
- "Classics", "Communication", "Computer_Science", "Cooking",
- "Critical_theory", "Dance", "Earth_science", "Economics",
- "Education", "Engineering", "Entertainment",
- "Family_and_consumer_science", "Film", "Game", "Geography",
- "Handicraft", "Health_science", "History_of_science_and_technology",
- "History", "Hobby", "Language", "Law",
- "Library_and_information_science", "Linguistics", "Literature",
- "Main_Page", "Mathematics", "Music", "Opera", "Painting",
- "Philosophy", "Physics", "Poker", "Political_science", "Psychology",
- "Public_affairs", "Recreation", "Religion", "Sculpture",
- "Sociology", "Sport", "Statistics", "Technology", "Theater",
- "Tourism", "Transport", "Visual_arts_and_design",
- "World_Series_of_Poker",
-
- "Bracketvars", "Quotes", "Headings", "Blocklevels",
- "ExternalLinks", "InternalLinks", "Magics", "Equations" };
-
-/* Suite constructor: load the prefs to determine which
- * wiki to test.
- */
-
-public WikiSuite() {
- try {
- ms_uprefs.importPreferences(new java.io.FileInputStream(
- "wikitest.prefs" ));
- } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
- /* File probably doesn't exist: no problem, use defaults */
- } catch (InvalidPreferencesFormatException e) {
- System.err.println( "Bad preferences file format: " + e );
- }
-
- ms_server = ms_uprefs.get( "server", "http://localhost" );
- ms_script = ms_uprefs.get( "script", "/wiki.phtml" );
- ms_articlepath = ms_uprefs.get( "articlepath", "" );
- ms_uploadpath = ms_uprefs.get( "uploadpath", "http://localhost/upload/" );
- ms_mainpage = ms_uprefs.get( "mainpage", "Main Page" );
- ms_sysoppass = ms_uprefs.get( "sysoppass", "adminpass" );
-
- m_conv = new WebConversation();
-}
-
-public WebConversation getConv() { return m_conv; }
-public static String getServer() { return ms_server; }
-public static String getScript() { return ms_script; }
-public static String getArticlePath() { return ms_articlepath; }
-public static String getUploadPath() { return ms_uploadpath; }
-public static String getMainPage() { return ms_mainpage; }
-public static String getSysopPass() { return ms_sysoppass; }
-
-/*
- * Logging/reporting routines:
- */
-
-public static void fatal( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.severe( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static void error( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.severe( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static void warning( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.warning( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static void info( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.info( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static void fine( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.fine( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static void finer( String msg ) {
- ms_logger.finer( msg );
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].flush();
-}
-
-public static Level setLoggingLevel( Level newl ) {
- Level oldl = ms_logger.getLevel();
-
- ms_logger.getHandlers()[0].setLevel( newl );
- ms_logger.setLevel( newl );
- return oldl;
-}
-
-public static String threeDecimals( double val ) {
- String result = "ERROR";
- java.text.DecimalFormat df =
- (java.text.DecimalFormat)(java.text.NumberFormat.getInstance());
-
- df.applyPattern( "#######0.000" );
- result = df.format( val );
- return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Utility functions for loading and saving strings from/to a file.
- */
-
-public static void saveText( String text, String filename ) {
- try {
- PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter( new FileOutputStream( filename ) );
- pw.write( text );
- pw.close();
- } catch( IOException e ) {
- error( "Couldn't write to \"" + filename + "\"" );
- return;
- }
- fine( "Saved \"" + filename + "\"" );
-}
-
-public static String loadText( String fname )
-{
- FileInputStream fis = null;
- BufferedInputStream bis;
-
- try {
- fis = new FileInputStream( fname );
- } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
- error( "File \"" + fname + "\" not found." );
- return null;
- }
- bis = new BufferedInputStream( fis );
-
- int r;
- StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer( 2048 );
- byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
-
- while (true) {
- r = -1;
- try {
- r = bis.read( buf );
- } catch (IOException e) {
- error( "I/O Error reading \"" + fname + "\"." );
- break;
- }
- if ( r <= 0 ) break;
-
- try {
- result.append( new String( buf, 0, r, "ISO8859_1" ) );
- } catch ( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e ) {
- result.append( new String( buf, 0, r ) );
- }
- }
- try {
- bis.close();
- fis.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- warning( "I/O Error closing file \"" + fname + "\"." );
- }
- fine( "Loaded \"" + fname + "\"" );
- return result.toString();
-}
-
-/*
- * Start background threads that run while all the other
- * tests are going on.
- */
-
-private WikiFetchThread m_wft;
-private WikiSearchThread m_wst;
-
-private void startBackgroundThreads() {
- info( "Starting background threads." );
-
- m_wft = new WikiFetchThread();
- m_wft.start();
-
- m_wst = new WikiSearchThread();
- m_wst.start();
-}
-
-private void stopBackgroundThreads() {
- synchronized (m_wft) {
- m_wft.requestStop();
- try {
- m_wft.wait( 30000 );
- } catch ( InterruptedException e ) {
- error( "Problem stopping background fetch thread." );
- }
- }
- synchronized (m_wst) {
- m_wst.requestStop();
- try {
- m_wst.wait( 30000 );
- } catch ( InterruptedException e ) {
- error( "Problem stopping background search thread." );
- }
- }
- info( "Stopped background threads." );
-
- int fetches = m_wft.getFetches();
- double time = (double)(m_wft.getTime()) / 1000.0;
- double avtime = time / (double)fetches;
-
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(100);
- sb.append( "Fetched " ).append( fetches ).append( " pages in " )
- .append( threeDecimals( time ) ).append( " sec (" )
- .append( threeDecimals( avtime ) ).append( " sec per fetch)." );
- info( sb.toString() );
-
- int searches = m_wst.getSearches();
- time = (double)(m_wst.getTime()) / 1000.0;
- avtime = time / (double)fetches;
-
- sb.setLength(0);
- sb.append( "Performed " ).append( searches ).append( " searches in " )
- .append( threeDecimals( time ) ).append( " sec (" )
- .append( threeDecimals( avtime ) ).append( " sec per search)." );
- info( sb.toString() );
-}
-
-/*
- * Main suite starts here. Interpret command line, load the
- * database, then run the individual tests.
- */
-
-private static boolean f_skipload = false;
-private static boolean f_nobackground = false;
-private static boolean f_overwrite = false;
-private static boolean f_skipmath = false;
-
-public static void main( String[] params ) {
- for ( int i = 0; i < params.length; ++i ) {
- if ( "-p".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- f_skipload = true;
- } else if ( "-v".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- setLoggingLevel( Level.ALL );
- } else if ( "-m".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- f_skipmath = true;
- } else if ( "-b".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- f_nobackground = true;
- } else if ( "-o".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- f_overwrite = true;
- } else if ( "-h".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) )
- || "-?".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- System.out.println( "Usage: java WikiSuite [-povb]\n" +
- " -p : Skip preload of database\n" +
- " -m : Skip math test\n" +
- " -o : Overwrite database\n" +
- " -v : Verbose logging\n" +
- " -b : No background thread\n" );
- return;
- }
- }
- WikiSuite ws = new WikiSuite();
- if ( ! f_skipload ) {
- (new DBLoader()).initializeDatabase( ws, f_overwrite );
- }
-
- info( "Started Wikipedia Test Suite" );
- long start_time = System.currentTimeMillis();
- if ( ! f_nobackground ) { ws.startBackgroundThreads(); }
-
- /*
- * All the actual tests go here.
- */
- (new LinkTest()).run(ws);
- (new HTMLTest()).run(ws);
- (new EditTest()).run(ws);
- (new ParserTest()).run(ws);
- (new SpecialTest()).run(ws);
- (new UploadTest()).run(ws);
- (new SearchTest()).run(ws);
- if ( ! f_skipmath ) { (new MathTest()).run(ws); }
-
- /*
- * Tests are all done. Clean up and report.
- */
- if ( ! f_nobackground ) { ws.stopBackgroundThreads(); }
- info( "Finished Wikipedia Test Suite" );
-
- long elapsed_time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start_time;
-
- long t_hr = elapsed_time / 3600000;
- long t_min = (elapsed_time % 3600000) / 60000;
- double t_sec = (double)(elapsed_time % 60000) / 1000.0;
-
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(100);
- sb.append( "Total elapsed time: " ).append( t_hr ).append( " hr, " )
- .append( t_min ).append( " min, " )
- .append( threeDecimals( t_sec ) ).append( " sec." );
- info( sb.toString() );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-/*
- * This exception is thrown on any general test failure.
- * It is usually fatal.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-
-public class WikiSuiteFailureException
-extends Exception {
-
-public WikiSuiteFailureException() {
- super();
-}
-
-public WikiSuiteFailureException(Throwable t) {
- super(t);
-}
-
-public WikiSuiteFailureException(String m) {
- super(m);
-}
-
-public WikiSuiteFailureException(String m, Throwable t) {
- super(m, t);
-}
-
-}
-
+++ /dev/null
-
-/*
- * WikiTest is the base class for all the various
- * individual tests of the installed wiki, which
- * will be called by WikiSuite.
- */
-
-package com.piclab.wikitest;
-import com.meterware.httpunit.*;
-import org.w3c.dom.*;
-import java.util.regex.*;
-
-public class WikiTest {
-
-protected WikiSuite m_suite = null;
-protected long m_start, m_stop;
-protected boolean m_verboseflag = false;
-
-/* All subclasses of WikiTest should override testName()
- * to return a useful name and runTest() to perform the actual
- * tests. runTest() should return true on success. You can
- * also overrise initTest() if you like; it gets run before
- * the individual test timer is started.
- */
-
-public String testName() { return "Error"; }
-
-protected int initTest() throws Exception {
- return 0;
-}
-
-protected int runTest() throws Exception {
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * This is the primary entry point:
- */
-
-public void run( WikiSuite ws ) {
- m_suite = ws;
- run();
-}
-
-private void run() {
- int result = 0;
-
- /* assert( m_suite != null ); */
-
- java.util.logging.Level ll = null;
- if ( m_verboseflag ) {
- ll = WikiSuite.setLoggingLevel( java.util.logging.Level.FINE );
- }
-
- try {
- result = initTest();
- } catch ( Exception e ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Exception (" + e + ") initializing test \"" +
- testName() + "\"" );
- e.printStackTrace();
- result = 1;
- }
- if ( result != 0 ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Test \"" + testName() +
- "\" failed to initialize with code " + result );
- return;
- }
- WikiSuite.info( "Started test \"" + testName() + "\"" );
- m_start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-
- try {
- result = runTest();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Exception (" + e + ") running test \"" +
- testName() + "\"" );
- e.printStackTrace();
- result = 2;
- }
- m_stop = System.currentTimeMillis();
- double time = (double)(m_stop - m_start) / 1000.0;
-
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(100);
- sb.append( "Test \"" ).append( testName() ).append( "\" " )
- .append( (result==0) ? "Succeeded" : "Failed " ).append( " (" )
- .append( WikiSuite.threeDecimals( time ) ).append( " secs)" );
- WikiSuite.info( sb.toString() );
-
- if ( m_verboseflag ) {
- WikiSuite.setLoggingLevel( ll );
- }
-}
-
-/*
- * General utility functions
- */
-
-public int fail( int code ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Test \"" + testName() + "\" failed with code " + code );
- return code;
-}
-
-public void clearCookies() { m_suite.getConv().clearContents(); }
-
-/*
- * Encapsulate rules for converting a title to URL form; this
- * should match the equivalent function in the Wiki code.
- */
-
-public static String titleToUrl( String title ) {
- StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer( title.length() + 20 );
-
- if ( "".equals( title ) ) {
- title = WikiSuite.getMainPage();
- }
-
- for (int i=0; i<title.length(); ++i) {
- char c = title.charAt(i);
- if ((c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')) {
- sb.append(c);
- } else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
- sb.append(c);
- } else if (c == '.' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == ':' || c == '/'
- || c == '(' || c == ')' || c == '_') {
- sb.append(c);
- } else if (c == ' ') {
- sb.append('_');
- } else {
- sb.append('%');
- String hex = "00" + Integer.toHexString((int)c);
- sb.append(hex.substring(hex.length() - 2));
- }
- }
- return sb.toString();
-}
-
-public static String viewUrl( String title, String query ) {
- StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer(200);
- String t = titleToUrl( title );
-
- url.append( WikiSuite.getServer() )
- .append( WikiSuite.getScript() ).append( "?title=" ).append( t )
- .append( "&" ).append( query );
- return url.toString();
-}
-
-public static String viewUrl( String title ) {
- StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer(200);
- String t = titleToUrl( title );
- String ap = WikiSuite.getArticlePath();
-
- int p = ap.indexOf( "$1" );
- if ( p >= 0 ) {
- url.append( ap );
- url.replace( p, p+2, t );
- } else {
- url.append( WikiSuite.getServer() )
- .append( WikiSuite.getScript() ).append( "?title=" ).append( t );
- }
- return url.toString();
-}
-
-public WebResponse getResponse( String url )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse r = null;
- String msg = null;
-
- try {
- r = m_suite.getConv().getResponse( url );
- } catch (org.xml.sax.SAXException e) {
- msg = "Error parsing received page \"" + url + "\"";
- WikiSuite.warning( msg );
- } catch (java.net.MalformedURLException e) {
- msg = "Badly formed URL \"" + url + "\"";
- WikiSuite.fatal( msg );
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( msg );
- } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "I/O Error receiving page \"" + url + "\"" );
- }
- return r;
-}
-
-public WebResponse getResponse( WebRequest req ) {
- WebResponse r = null;
-
- try {
- r = m_suite.getConv().getResponse( req );
- } catch (org.xml.sax.SAXException e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "Error parsing received page." );
- } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
- WikiSuite.warning( "I/O Error receiving page." );
- }
- return r;
-}
-
-public void showResponseTitle( WebResponse wr )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- String t = null;
-
- try {
- t = wr.getTitle();
- if ( "Error".equals( t ) || "Database error".equals( t ) ) {
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( "Got wiki error page." );
- }
- WikiSuite.fine( "Viewing \"" + t + "\"" );
- } catch (org.xml.sax.SAXException e) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Exception (" + e + ")" );
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( "Couldn't parse title." );
- }
-}
-
-public WebResponse viewPage( String title )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = getResponse( viewUrl( title ) );
- showResponseTitle( wr );
- return wr;
-}
-
-public WebResponse viewPage( String title, String query )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer( 200 );
- String t = titleToUrl( title );
-
- url.append( m_suite.getServer() )
- .append( m_suite.getScript() ).append( "?title=" )
- .append( t ).append( "&" ).append( query );
-
- WebResponse wr = getResponse( url.toString() );
- showResponseTitle( wr );
- return wr;
-}
-
-public WebResponse searchFor( String target, String query )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- StringBuffer url = new StringBuffer( 200 );
- String t = null;
-
- try {
- t = java.net.URLEncoder.encode( target, "UTF-8" );
- } catch ( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e ) {
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( e.toString() );
- }
- url.append( m_suite.getServer() )
- .append( m_suite.getScript() ).append( "?search=" )
- .append( t );
- if ( ! "".equals( query ) ) {
- url.append( "&" ).append( query );
- }
- return getResponse( url.toString() );
-}
-
-public WebResponse searchFor( String target )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- return searchFor( target, null );
-}
-
-public WebResponse editPage( String title )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- return viewPage( title, "action=edit" );
-}
-
-public static WebForm getFormByName( WebResponse resp, String name )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- String msg = null;
- WebForm[] forms = null;
-
- try {
- forms = resp.getForms();
- } catch ( org.xml.sax.SAXException e ) {
- msg = "Couldn't find form \"" + name + "\"";
- WikiSuite.error( msg );
- return null;
- }
- for (int i=0; i < forms.length; ++i) {
- Node formNode = forms[i].getDOMSubtree();
- NamedNodeMap nnm = formNode.getAttributes();
- Node nameNode = nnm.getNamedItem( "id" );
-
- if (nameNode == null) continue;
- if (nameNode.getNodeValue().equalsIgnoreCase( name )) {
- return forms[i];
- }
- }
- return null;
-}
-
-public WebResponse loginAs( String name, String password )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = null;
- WebRequest req = null;
-
- wr = viewPage( "Special:Userlogin" );
-
- WebForm loginform = getFormByName( wr, "userlogin" );
- req = loginform.getRequest( "wpLoginattempt" );
- req.setParameter( "wpName", name );
- req.setParameter( "wpPassword", password );
- wr = getResponse( req );
-
- WikiSuite.fine( "Logged in as " + name );
- return wr;
-}
-
-public WebResponse logout()
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Userlogout" );
- clearCookies();
- return wr;
-}
-
-public WebResponse deletePage( String title )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = null;
-
- wr = loginAs( "WikiSysop", m_suite.getSysopPass() );
- wr = viewPage( title, "action=delete" );
-
- String rt = null;
- try {
- rt = wr.getTitle();
- } catch ( org.xml.sax.SAXException e ) {
- WikiSuite.error( "Could not parse response to delete request." );
- wr = logout();
- return null;
- }
-
- if ( rt.equals( "Internal error" ) ) {
- wr = logout();
- return null;
- /* Can't delete because it doesn't exist: no problem */
- }
-
- WebForm delform = getFormByName( wr, "deleteconfirm" );
- WebRequest req = delform.getRequest( "wpConfirmB" );
-
- req.setParameter( "wpReason", "Deletion for testing" );
- req.setParameter( "wpConfirm", "1" );
-
- WebResponse ret = getResponse( req );
- WikiSuite.fine( "Deleted \"" + title + "\"" );
-
- wr = logout();
- return ret;
-}
-
-public WebResponse replacePage( String page, String text )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = editPage( page );
-
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", text );
- return getResponse( req );
-}
-
-public WebResponse addText( String page, String text )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = editPage( page );
-
- WebForm editform = getFormByName( wr, "editform" );
- WebRequest req = editform.getRequest( "wpSave" );
- String old = req.getParameter( "wpTextbox1" );
-
- req.setParameter( "wpTextbox1", old + "\n" + text );
- req.setParameter( "wpSummary", "Wikitest addition to " + page );
-
- return getResponse( req );
-}
-
-public WebRequest openPrefs() throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- WebResponse wr = viewPage( "Special:Preferences" );
- WebForm pform = getFormByName( wr, "preferences" );
- return pform.getRequest( "wpSaveprefs" );
-}
-
-private static Pattern m_startdiv = null, m_enddiv = null;
-
-public String getArticle( WebResponse wr )
-throws WikiSuiteFailureException {
- String msg = null;
- String text = null;
- Matcher m = null;
-
- if ( m_startdiv == null ) {
- m_startdiv = Pattern.compile( "<div\\s[^>]*id\\s*=\\s*.article[^>]*>",
- Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.DOTALL );
- m_enddiv = Pattern.compile( "</div[^>]*>",
- Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.DOTALL );
- }
- try {
- text = wr.getText();
- } catch ( java.io.IOException e ) {
- msg = "Error (" + e + ") parsing page.";
- WikiSuite.error( msg );
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( msg );
- }
- m = m_startdiv.matcher( text );
- if (! m.find()) {
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( "Can't find article div start." );
- }
-
- text = text.substring( m.end() );
- m = m_enddiv.matcher( text );
- if (! m.find()) {
- throw new WikiSuiteFailureException( "Can't find article div end." );
- }
- text = text.substring( 0, m.start() );
- return text;
-}
-
-public int checkGoodPatterns( String text, String[] pats ) {
- Pattern p = null;
- Matcher m = null;
-
- for ( int i = 0; i < pats.length; ++i ) {
- p = Pattern.compile( pats[i], Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE );
- m = p.matcher( text );
-
- if ( ! m.find() ) { return 1 + i; }
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-public int checkBadPatterns( String text, String[] badpats ) {
- Pattern p = null;
- Matcher m = null;
-
- for ( int i = 0; i < badpats.length; ++i ) {
- p = Pattern.compile( badpats[i], Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE );
- m = p.matcher( text );
-
- if ( m.find() ) { return 1 + i; }
- }
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * The main method of a subclass should be able to just create
- * an instance of itself and call runSingle() to perform a
- * standalone test, and we'll handle the commandline and
- * setting up a suite object, etc. They are of course welcome
- * to set up a more complex main if they want.
- */
-
-public void runSingle( String[] params ) {
- /*
- * Do command line. For now, just verbose flag.
- */
- for ( int i = 0; i < params.length; ++i ) {
- if ( "-v".equals( params[i].substring( 0, 2 ) ) ) {
- m_verboseflag = true;
- }
- }
- run( new WikiSuite() );
-}
-
-public static void main( String params ) {
- System.out.println( "WikiTest is not a runnable class." );
-}
-
-}
+++ /dev/null
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE preferences SYSTEM 'http://java.sun.com/dtd/preferences.dtd'>
-
-<!--
- The preferences here should be set with the same values
- found in the LocalSettings.php file in the installation
- to be tested.
--->
-
-<preferences EXTERNAL_XML_VERSION="1.0">
- <root type="user">
- <map />
- <node name="com">
- <map />
- <node name="piclab">
- <map />
- <node name="wikitest">
- <map>
- <entry key="script" value="/wiki/wiki.phtml" />
- <entry key="server" value="http://www.myhost.com" />
- <entry key="articlepath" value="" />
- <entry key="uploadpath" value="http://www.myhost.com/wiki/uploads" />
- <entry key="mainpage" value="Main Page" />
- <entry key="sysoppass" value="adminpass" />
- </map>
- </node>
- </node>
- </node>
- </root>
-</preferences>
-
dépôts / lhc / web / wiklou.git / commitdiff
